Skin Lesions

Question 1

A 67-year-old man comes to the office with biopsy-proven Merkel cell carcinoma of the forehead. In addition to wide resection, which of the following is the optimal treatment?
A) Administration of interferon
B) Injection of 5-fluorouracil
C) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
D) Radiation therapy

Answer 1

D) Radiation therapy

Merkel cell carcinoma is radiosensitive

Question 2

Merkel cell carcinoma: General gist

Answer 2

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare tumor that usually consists of smooth, painless, indurated, solitary dermal nodules approximately 2 to 4 mm in size.

Question 3

In what population does Merkel cell carcinoma occur?

Answer 3

It occurs more frequently in patients older than age 65 years.

Question 4

Anatomical site of Merkel cell carcinoma?

Answer 4

Merkel cell carcinoma appears most often at sun-exposed sites on white skin; 50% occur on the head and neck, and 40% on the trunk.

Question 5

Metastases in Merkel cell carcinoma

Answer 5

Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive tumor; metastases to regional lymph nodes are noted on initial diagnosis in 12 to 15% of patients.
Regional metastasis eventually occurs in one half to two thirds of patients.
Distant metastases occur ultimately in one third of patients

Question 6

Local recurrence of Merkel cell carcinoma occurs in what % of patients?

Answer 6

Local recurrence following primary excision develops in 24 to 44% of patients. Time from diagnosis of the primary tumor to clinically apparent regional nodal metastases is approximately 7 to 8 months. Distant metastases occur ultimately in one third of patients; in order of frequency, metastases occur in the lymph, liver, bone, brain, lung, and skin. The mean time from diagnosis to systemic involvement is 18 months, with death occurring 6 months later. The 5-year survival rate has been reported as 30 to 64%. Two thirds or more of patients with local or regionally recurrent disease ultimately die. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice for primary tumors. The prevailing opinion

Question 7

Merkel cell carcinoma: time of diagnosis to clinically apparent regional nodal metastases is approximately ________

Answer 7

Time from diagnosis of the primary tumor to clinically apparent regional nodal metastases is approximately 7 to 8 months.

Question 8

Most frequent sites of distant metastasis of Merkel cell carcinoma

Answer 8

Distant metastases occur ultimately in one third of patients; in order of frequency, metastases occur in the lymph, liver, bone, brain, lung, and skin.

Question 9

Prognosis/timeline of Merkel cell carcinoma

Answer 9

The mean time from diagnosis to systemic involvement is 18 months, with death occurring 6 months later. The 5-year survival rate has been reported as 30 to 64%.

Question 10

How should Merkel cell cancers be treated?

Answer 10

• Excised with margins similar to those of melanoma
• SLNB in clinically node negative patients
• RT considered - it is radiosensitive

Question 11

What determines surgical excision for Merkel cell carcinoma?

Answer 11

Width

Question 12

A 42-year-old woman comes to the office because of a 1-year history of a mass in the upper abdominal wall that has enlarged gradually. Examination of a specimen obtained on excision biopsy shows a desmoid tumor. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
A) Cryoablation
B) Enucleation
C) Excision with a 1-mm margin
D) Excision with a 1-cm margin
E) Observation

Answer 12

D) Excision with a 1-cm margin

Desmoid tumors are relatively rare, technically benign fibrous tumors that may arise in the musculoaponeurotic abdominal wall. These lesions exhibit local invasion and a high rate of recurrence. Wide local excision is regarded as the most effective treatment for these lesions, and intraoperative frozen section is often helpful. Observation will likely result in recurrence, and cryoablation has not been reported as a treatment option for desmoid tumors. Enucleation is not appropriate because the tumor will recur. Excision with a 1-mm margin is not appropriate because wide margins are necessary.

Question 13

Enucleation

Answer 13

Surgical excision of a mass without cutting or dissecting into it

Question 14

Desmoid tumor: General gist

Answer 14

Desmoid tumors are relatively rare, technically benign fibrous tumors that may arise in the musculoaponeurotic abdominal wall.

Question 15

Management of desmoid tumors

Answer 15

These lesions exhibit local invasion and a high rate of recurrence. Wide local excision is regarded as the most effective treatment for these lesions, and intraoperative frozen section is often helpful.

Question 16

A 79-year-old man has a rapidly growing lesion on the left side of his forehead. Physical examination shows a 2-cm, raised, fungating lesion of the left temple with intact facial nerve function and no lymphadenopathy. Examination of a specimen obtained on biopsy is suspicious for squamous cell carcinoma. Four weeks later, the lesion has disappeared, leaving a small circular scar. Excision is performed, and pathologic study shows no evidence of malignancy. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Amelanotic melanoma
B) Cutaneous horn
C) Keratoacanthoma
D) Merkel cell carcinoma
E) Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 16

C) Keratoacanthoma

The most likely diagnosis is keratoacanthoma, a low-grade malignancy that resembles squamous cell carcinoma both clinically and pathologically. The most common natural course of the disease is that of rapid growth followed by spontaneous regression over several months, which is not seen in squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 17

What is a keratoacanthoma?

Answer 17

A low-grade malignancy that resembles squamous cell carcinoma both clinically and pathologically.

Question 18

Most common natural course of keratoacanthoma:

Answer 18

The most common natural course of the disease is that of rapid growth followed by spontaneous regression over several months, which is not seen in squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 19

Keratoacanthoma, clinical course

Answer 19

It CAN progress to squamous cell carcinoma with metastasis, but
The most common natural course of the disease is that of rapid growth followed by spontaneous regression over several months, which is not seen in squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 20

Amelanotic melanoma makes up ___% of melanoma

Answer 20

5%

Question 21

Clinical presentation of melanotic melanoma

Answer 21

Nonpigmented lesions that appear pink or tan and can mimic basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma.
It can also occur in the context of cutaneous metastatic melanoma, when cells lack the differentiation required to synthesize melanin. I

Question 22

What is a cutaneous horn?

Answer 22

A cutaneous horn is a conical projection of hyperkeratosis overlying a hyperproliferative skin lesion such as a seborrheic keratosis or actinic keratosis. Less commonly, it can form from a squamous cell carcinoma or other skin cancer.

Question 23

A 65-year-old woman is evaluated because of multiple ulcerative, nonhealing wounds on the left shoulder 8 years after undergoing left modified radical mastectomy and subsequent radiation therapy to the chest wall. She has a 5-year history of chronic lymphedema. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?
A) Brachytherapy
B) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
C) Incisional biopsy
D) Isolated limb perfusion with chemotherapy
E) Skin resection only with 5-mm margins

Answer 23

C) Incisional biopsy

Stewart-Treves syndrome is an aggressive but rare upper extremity lymphangiosarcoma that occurs in postmastectomy patients.

Question 24

Stewart-Treves syndrome

Answer 24

Stewart-Treves syndrome is an aggressive but rare upper extremity lymphangiosarcoma that occurs in postmastectomy patients.

Question 25

Survival rate of Stewart-Treves syndrome

Answer 25

Rare upper extremity lymphangiosarcoma that occurs in post mastectomy patients: historical 5-year survival of less than 1%, but cure rates may be improving, caused in part by refinement of the resection techniques and adjuvant therapies used to treat the original breast cancer.

Question 26

``` A 40-year-old man comes to the office because of a 12-year history of recurrent painful nodules in his groin, buttocks, and perineum. Physical examination shows deep subcutaneous abscesses. Some have ruptured and formed multiple discharging sinus tracts. In addition to meticulous hygiene, which of the following is the most appropriate management? A) Antiandrogen therapy B) Anti-tumor necrosis factor-a therapy C) Excision D) Radiotherapy E) Regular chlorhexidine baths ```

Answer 26

C) Excision The patient has hidradenitis suppurativa. The disease presents with tender subcutaneous nodules beginning around puberty. The nodules may spontaneously rupture orcoalesce, forming deep, painful dermal abscesses. Eventually, fibrosis and the formation of extensive sinus tracts result. Due to the multiple interconnected sinus tracts and abscesses throughout an entire region, the patient described has such a debilitating disease that only surgery can adequately address his symptoms. Wide excision of all affected tissue and the underlying sinus tracts is the most effective treatment. It is also advisable to stage the process, preferably with the use of allograft

Question 27

Hidradenitis suppurativa

Answer 27

Hidradenitis suppurative presents with tender subcutaneous nodules beginning around puberty. The nodules may spontaneously rupture orcoalesce, forming deep, painful dermal abscesses. Eventually, fibrosis and the formation of extensive sinus tracts result.

Question 28

Management of hidradenitis with abscesses but no cicatrization or sinuses

Answer 28

Hygienic measures and antibiotics are appropriate first line therapy

Question 29

Hidratenitis primarily involves the ____________, which is __________ by ____________

Answer 29

The disease primarily involves the follicular epithelium, which is colonized secondarily and infected by bacteria.

Question 30

A 58-year-old man comes to the office because of a 3-month history of multiple light-red, scaly lesions of the scalp and forehead. Physical examination shows extensive sun damage to the face and scalp, including multiple flat lesions measuring between 3 and 10 mm in diameter. Examination of a specimen obtained on shave biopsy shows actinic keratosis without invasive malignancy. In addition to daily application of sunscreen and wearing protective garments, which of the following is the most appropriate management? A) Application of topical 5-fluorouracil B) Excision of the lesions with 2-mm margins C) Repeat biopsy in 6 months D) Shave excision of the lesions E) Observation only

Answer 30

A) Application of topical 5-fluorouracil Ideal treatment involves topical destructive measures, such as application of 5-fluorouracil cream: Actinic keratosis is a common, premalignant lesion that is a direct result of sun damage. These lesions typically occur in fair-skinned patients who have an extensive history of solar injury. Lesions are flat or slightly raised, red, and scaly. They can be isolated or diffuse. Over time, they can progress to squamous cell carcinoma or other precancer lesions, such as Bowen disease (in situ squamous cell), cutaneous horns, and keratoacanthomas.

Question 31

Actinic keratosis

Answer 31

Actinic keratosis is a common, premalignant lesion that is a direct result of sun damage.

Question 32

Who do actinic keratosis lesions occur in?

Answer 32

These lesions typically occur in fair-skinned patients who have an extensive history of solar injury.

Question 33

Clinical presentation of actinic keratosis

Answer 33

Lesions are flat or slightly raised, red, and scaly. They can be isolated or diffuse.

Question 34

Natural course of actinic keratosis

Answer 34

Over time, they can progress to squamous cell carcinoma or other precancer lesions, such as Bowen disease (in situ squamous cell), cutaneous horns, and keratoacanthomas.

Question 35

Treatment of actinic keratosis

Answer 35

Ideally, topical destructive measures such as 5-fluorouracil cream.

Question 36

``` A 64-year-old Hispanic woman comes for evaluation of a biopsy-proven basal cell carcinoma on her right cheek. She says that the lesion has been present for 8 months and has grown rapidly during the past 3 months. A photograph is shown (small dome-shaped bump that has a pearly white color). Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment? A ) Cryotherapy B ) Electrodesiccation and curettage C ) Mohs micrographic surgery D ) Radiation therapy E ) Wide local excision ```

Answer 36

C ) Mohs micrographic surgery The patient described has a basal cell carcinoma (BCC), which is the most common type of cancer worldwide affecting approximately 1 million people per year. These types of cancers were once more common in people over 40 years of age, but they now are often diagnosed in younger people (85% of lifetime sun exposure occurs before age 18).

Question 37

__% of lifetime sun exposure occurs before age 18

Answer 37

85%

Question 38

BCC most often occurs where?

Answer 38

BCC starts in the epidermis and grows slowly and painlessly. It most often appears on areas of skin that are regularly exposed to sunlight or other ultraviolet radiation,such as the face, scalp, ears, chest, back, and legs.

Question 39

Appearance of basal cell carcinoma

Answer 39

Small dome-shaped bump that has a pearly white color. Telangiectasias may be seen on the surface. A common sign of BCC is a sore that bleeds and heals up, only to recur again; oozing or crusting spots within the sore are also common.

Question 40

5 year recurrence rates for primary BCC by type of treatment

Answer 40

Five-year recurrence rates for primary BCC: 1. Mohs micrographic surgery 1% 2. Surgical excision 10.1% 3. Curettage and desiccation 7.7% 4. Radiation therapy 8.7% 5. Cryotherapy 7.5%

Question 41

A 44-year-old woman has a biopsy-proven basal cell carcinoma of the cheek. An indication for resection using conventional excision, over Mohs micrographic surgery, includes which of the following? A ) Diameter of 1.2 cm B ) Location next to the alar rim C ) Morpheaform subtype D ) Preexisting burn scar surrounding the lesion E ) Recurrent tumor

Answer 41

A ) Diameter of 1.2 cm Indications for Mohs micrographic resection of a basal cell carcinoma include morpheaform or other aggressive subtypes, recurrence of a tumor, a previous scar, or locations where the preservation of tissue is critical for final reconstruction.

Question 42

Indications for Mohs micrographic resection of a basal cell carcinoma

Answer 42

Indications for Mohs micrographic resection of a basal cell carcinoma include - Morpheaform or other aggressive subtypes - Recurrence of a tumor - Previous scar - Locations where the preservation of tissue is critical for final reconstruction

Question 43

``` A 22-year-old woman comes for evaluation of a lesion on her right anterior thigh (shown). She says that the lesion has been present for a number of years and that she frequently nicks it when shaving. She has no other similar lesions, and no family history of similar lesions. Physical examination shows a single, firm lesion. The nodule contracts with lateral compression. No other abnormalities are noted. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? A ) Cryotherapy B ) Excisional biopsy C ) Mohs micrographic surgery D ) Shave biopsy E ) Observation ```

Answer 43

B ) Excisional biopsy The lesion is a dermatofibroma, which is a benign nodule derived from mesodermal and dermal cells. They can be found anywhere on the body but most commonly appear on the anterior surface of the lower legs.

Question 44

Dermatofibroma

Answer 44

Benign nodule derived from mesodermal and dermal cells

Question 45

Where are dermatofibromas found?

Answer 45

They can be found anywhere on the body but most commonly appear on the anterior surface of the lower legs.

Question 46

Clinical presentation of dermatofibromas

Answer 46

Dermatofibromas are asymptomatic, firm, raised papules, plaques, or nodules that can vary in size from 3 to 10 mm in diameter. Coloration ranges from brown to purple,red, yellow, and pink. They are diagnosed based on physical examination and commonly display a Fitzpatrick sign, which is the dimpling or retraction of the lesion beneath the skin with lateral compression

Question 47

Fitzpatrick sign

Answer 47

The dimpling or retraction of the lesion beneath the skin with lateral compression (dermatofibromas)

Question 48

> ____ dermatofibromas on a patient: May suspect _____________

Answer 48

Underlying autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, may be suspected if multiple dermatofibromas (ie, > 15) are found on a patient.

Question 49

Treatment of dermatofibroma

Answer 49

Treatment is generally performed for cosmetic reasons or histologic diagnosis in case there is any question about the clinical diagnosis. Excisional biopsy is the procedure of choice to ensure clear histology, as well as complete removal of the lesion, as it exists in the dermal plane.

Question 50

``` A 38-year-old woman has severe hidradenitis suppurativa of the groin and axillae. Which of the following dermal appendages are located in these areas and implicated in the disease process? A ) Apocrine glands B ) Eccrine glands C ) Glomus bodies D ) Hair follicles E ) Sebaceous glands ```

Answer 50

A ) Apocrine glands Apocrine glands are uniquely located in the axillae, groin, and perineum, and they secrete a viscid, milky fluid that becomes malodorous with bacterial colonization. Occlusion of the glands causes inflammation and subcutaneous abscess formation with pain, drainage, and foul odor. This crippling disease can be medically managed with chronic suppressive topical and systemic antibiotics but often requires intermittent incision and drainage, or even surgical resection

Question 51

Apocrine glands

Answer 51

Apocrine glands are uniquely located in the axillae, groin, and perineum, and they secrete a viscid, milky fluid that becomes malodorous with bacterial colonization.

Question 52

Occlusion of apocrine glands

Answer 52

Occlusion of the glands causes inflammation and subcutaneous abscess formation with pain, drainage, and foul odor.

Question 53

Eccrine glands

Answer 53

Eccrine glands are found throughout the skin, secreting a thin, clear, hypotonic fluid ( sweat).

Question 54

Glomus bodies

Answer 54

Glomus bodies are located in tissues exposed to the cold, such as the fingertips and ears. They form a thickening in the arterial wall before naturally occurring thermoregulatory arteriovenous shunts, and they are thought to control the flow through these shunts.

Question 55

Sebaceous glands

Answer 55

Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates hair follicles and surrounding skin. They are found throughout the skin, except for the palms and soles. They are found in abundance in the face and scalp

Question 56

A 72-year-old man is being evaluated because of a 3-month history of lesions on the nasal dorsum and cheek (shown). He is a poor surgical candidate and is treated with imiquimod (Aldara). Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action of this treatment? A ) Inhibition of the cyclooxygenase pathway B ) Inhibition of DNA synthesis C ) Modification of gene transcription D ) Modulation of cell differentiation E ) Stimulation of proinflammatory cytokine production

Answer 56

E ) Stimulation of proinflammatory cytokine production Imiquimod (Aldara) is a new immune response enhancer that stimulates host cytokine production and induces apoptosis of tumor cells. It hasbeen used to treat actinic keratoses, viral warts, and nonmelanoma skin malignancy.

Question 57

Imiquimod

Answer 57

Imiquimod (Aldara) is a immune response enhancer that stimulates host cytokine production and induces apoptosis of tumor cells. It hasbeen used to treat actinic keratoses, viral warts, and nonmelanoma skin malignancy.

Question 58

Topical 5-fluorouracil

Answer 58

Topical 5-fluorouracil is a topical chemotherapeutic agent that directly inhibits DNA synthesis.

Question 59

Topical diclofenac

Answer 59

Topical diclofenac is an anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits the cyclooxygenase pathway and has been found useful in the treatment of actinic keratoses.

Question 60

Interferons vs the skin

Answer 60

Interferons control cell differentiation by modification of gene transcription and have been used in combination with retinoids for advanced squamous cell cancers

Question 61

``` An 86-year-old woman comes to the office because of an 18-month history of the isolated, painful lesion shown. History includes CREST (calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management? A ) Debridement B ) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy C ) Injection of corticosteroids D ) Measurement of E ) Measurement of serum uric acid level ```

Answer 61

A ) Debridement Calcinosis cutis: The calcific deposits, when symptomatic, can be tender and painful. They can ulcerate, drain a white chalky substance, and become secondarily infected. In scleroderma, calcific deposits are found predominantly in the extremities and around joints and bony prominences. Deposits are typically found in the flexor surfaces of the hands and the extensor surfaces of the forearms and knees. The deposits rest in the dermis but can also be found in deeper periarticular tissues. Serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase levels typically are normal; serum measurement does not contribute to management.

Question 62

Calcinosis cutis

Answer 62

Calcinosis cutis is the pathologic calcification of soft tissues and skin

Question 63

Where is calcinosis cutis found in scleroderma?

Answer 63

In scleroderma, calcific deposits are found predominantly in the extremities and around joints and bony prominences. Deposits are typically found in the flexor surfaces of the hands and the extensor surfaces of the forearms and knees. The deposits rest in the dermis but can also be found in deeper periarticular tissues.

Question 64

Management of scleroderma calcinosis cutis

Answer 64

Surgical excision of localized, painful large deposits can relieve symptoms; recurrence is rare. If calcinosis is diffuse, recurrence is more common.

Question 65

Calciphylaxis

Answer 65

Calciphylaxis is a poorly understood and highly morbid syndrome of vascular calcification and skin necrosis typically seen in 1 to 4% of patients with end-stage renal disease

Question 66

``` Which of the following is the most important management for patients with xeroderma pigmentosum? A ) Cryotherapy B ) Fluorouracil C ) Isotretinoin D ) Minimization of sun exposure E ) Skin grafting ```

Answer 66

D ) Minimization of sun exposure Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive disorder demonstrating defective DNA repair. The ability to repair damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) light is deficient. In severe cases, it is necessary to avoid sunlight completely.

Question 67

Heredity of xeroderma pigmentosum

Answer 67

Autosomal recessive

Question 68

What is wrong in xeroderma pigmentosum?

Answer 68

The ability to repair damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) light is deficient.

Question 69

When are patients with XP usually diagnosed?

Answer 69

1-2 years of age

Question 70

Clinical manifestations of XP

Answer 70

``` Development of many freckles at an early age Irregular dark spots on the skin Thin skin Excessive dryness Solar keratoses Skin cancers Premature aging of skin Eyes that are sensitive to the sun ```

Question 71

Most important management in xeroderma pigmentosum

Answer 71

Minimizing sun exposure

Question 72

The number of keratoses in xeroderma pigmentosum can be reduced by:

Answer 72

The number of keratoses can be reduced with isotretinoin (though there are significant side effects).

Question 73

Keratoses in xeroderma pigmentosum can be treated by:

Answer 73

Existing keratoses can be treated using cryotherapy or fluorouracil.

Question 74

When are skin cancers detected in xeroderma pigmentosum?

Answer 74

Skin cancers are detected at approximately 8 years of age.

Question 75

``` A 52-year-old man is scheduled to undergo a midline laparotomy for colon cancer. History includes cutis laxa. Examination shows hypoelastic skin that does not spring back when stretched. This patient is at increased risk for which of the following complications? A ) Anastomotic dehiscence B ) Hypertrophic scarring C ) Thrombosis D ) Ventral hernia E ) Wound dehiscence ```

Answer 75

D ) Ventral hernia Cutis laxa patients are at a higher risk for ventral hernia formation. Cutis laxa is a rare condition with hypoelasticity of the skin from a defect in elastin fibers. Wound failure is common in Ehlers Danlos syndrome

Question 76

Cutis laxa is secondary to:

Answer 76

A defect in elastin fibers

Question 77

Clinical manifestation of cutis laxa

Answer 77

Skin does not spring back into place immediately upon being stretched

Question 78

There is an increased risk of _________ formation in cutis laxa

Answer 78

hernia formation

Question 79

Cutis hyperelastica is also called:

Answer 79

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Question 80

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Answer 80

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (cutis hyperelastica) is characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint laxity, and tissue friability.

Question 81

In what cutaneous disorder is wound failure common?

Answer 81

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Patients can dehisce their wounds or anastomoses at 1 to 2 weeks. Wound failure is common. Ventral hernias are common and may require closure techniques, such as components separation. Scar formation is wide and extremely thin, and it has been described as papyraceous and cigarette-paper

Question 82

In what inheritable syndrome is thrombosis common?

Answer 82

Homocystinuria

Question 83

A 5-year-old girl is brought to the office because of erythema, inflammation, and bullae formation on the face and neck area one day after spending a sunny day in the park with her family

Answer 83

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Question 84

A 16-year-old boy comes to the office because of a three-year history of dome-shaped, tan papules on the face, neck, and trunk; erythematous pits in the palm of his hand; and swelling and pain in the molar and premolar areas.

Answer 84

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

Question 85

Another name for Gorlin syndrome

Answer 85

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma

Question 86

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma (Gorlin) syndrome

Answer 86

Physical findings include dome-shaped tan papules on face, neck, and trunk (basal cell carcinoma [BCC]); erythematous pits in the palm of the hand or plantar aspect of the feet;and swelling and pain in molar and premolar areas (odontogenic keratocysts), colobomas, hypertelorism, and fibrosarcomas.

Question 87

Inheritance of Nevoid basal cell carcinoma (Gorlin) syndrome

Answer 87

Autosomal dominant

Question 88

Management of Nevoid basal cell carcinoma (Gorlin) syndrome

Answer 88

Surgical excision, application of 5- fluorouracil (5-FU) and imiquimod, and frequent cutaneous examinations. Patients should avoid radiotherapy, radiographs, and sun as these caninduce the formation of new BCCs.

Question 89

Bazex syndrome inheritance

Answer 89

Bazex syndrome is another autosomally dominant inherited disorder.

Question 90

Clinical presentation of Bazex syndrome

Answer 90

It is characterized by multiple BCCs of the face, follicular atrophoderma of the extremities, localized or generalized hypohidrosis, and hypotrichosis.

Question 91

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

Answer 91

Erythroplasia of Queyrat arises from the squamous epithelial cells of the glans penis. It is synonymous with Bowen diseaseof the glans penis, is seen mostly in uncircumcised men, and represents an in situ form of squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 92

``` A 60-year-old man is referred to the office by his primary care physician for consultation regarding deformity of the nose caused by rhinophyma. Physical examination shows enlargement of the nasal tip, pitting and scarring of the skin, and several irregular, nodular growths. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of these findings? A ) Acne vulgaris B ) Facial dermatitis C ) Hidradenitis suppurativa D ) Rosacea ```

Answer 92

D ) Rosacea

Question 93

What is Rhinophyma

Answer 93

Rhinophyma is a condition involving the nose in which the nasal skin is erythematous with telangiectasias and is sometimes purple in color. In severe cases, the skin can have pits, fissures, and scarring. Sebum and bacteria can result in chronically infected skin and often an unpleasant odor.

Question 94

What is preferentially affected in rhinophyma?

Answer 94

The nasal tip is preferentially enlarged, and as the nasal skin hypertrophies, the aesthetics units of the nose are distorted and obliterated. Tumorous growths can develop late, and a severe aesthetic deformity can result.

Question 95

Rhinophyma is believed to by the _______ stage of evolving _______

Answer 95

Rhinophyma is believed to be the fourth stage of evolving rosacea.

Question 96

Patients with rhinophyma may suffer from secondary _________________

Answer 96

Patients may suffer from secondary nasal airway obstruction.

Question 97

Acne vulgaris

Answer 97

Acne vulgaris is a common, chronic inflammation of the pilosebaceous units of the face and trunk

Question 98

Facial dermatitis

Answer 98

Facial dermatitis usually occurs in the perioral region, mainly in young women. It results in discrete erythematous micropapules that can become confluent, forming inflammatory plaques.

Question 99

``` A 4-year-old boy is brought to the office because of a lump near his right eyebrow. The lesion has been enlarging gradually since it was first noticed by his parents when he was 3 months of age. On physical examination, a 2-cm, firm, mobile mass is palpated at the lateral aspect of the right eyebrow. The lesion has distinct margins and there are no other related symptoms. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in management? A ) Angiography B ) CT C ) Needle aspiration D ) Surgical excision E ) Observation only ```

Answer 99

D ) Surgical excision The most likely diagnosis in the patient described is a dermoid cyst of the orbital region. Most orbital dermoids manifest as solitary masses with distinct palpable margins and without intracranial extension. These lesions are present in the lateral aspect of the upper orbit and usually do not have any related symptomatology. As a result, these patients do not require preoperative evaluation to exclude the possibility of intracranial involvement. Simple excision of the cyst is appropriate at the time of diagnosis.

Question 100

Clinical presentation of orbital dermoids

Answer 100

Most orbital dermoids manifest as solitary masses with distinct palpable margins and without intracranial extension. These lesions are present in the lateral aspect of the upper orbit and usually do not have any related symptomatology.

Question 101

Treatment of orbital dermoids

Answer 101

Do not require preoperative evaluation to exclude the possibility of intracranial involvement. -> Simple excision

Question 102

Management of orbital dermoid with indistinct margins

Answer 102

Rarely, a dermoid cyst may present with indistinct margins. During palpation, the lesion may appear to decrease in size and proptosis may occur. These rare patients may have extension of the dermoid cyst throughthe lateral orbital wall. In these cases, further evaluation with CT should occur to determine the extent of intraorbital involvement and determine whether more complex surgery is needed to reconstruct the defect.

Question 103

Management of orbital vs midline dermoids

Answer 103

Midline dermoid cysts are much more likely to demonstrate intracranial involvement, and, therefore, immediate surgical resection is not recommended

Question 104

``` A 65-year-old man comes to the office because he has a painful lesion on the left ear that has been present for the past eight months. Tenderness is noted on palpation of the lesion. A photograph of the ear is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? (A)Actinic keratosis (B)Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis (C)Keratoacanthoma (D)Seborrheic keratosis (E)Tricholemmoma ```

Answer 104

(B)Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis is a chronic, inflammatory, painful, nodular lesion located primarily on the helix or antihelix of the ear. These lesions often produce exquisite tenderness that interferes with sleep. Histologically, the underlying cartilage demonstrates focal degenerative change and surrounding perichondritis. The cause of this inflammatory process is unknown, but long-term trauma or sun damage may play a role. Surgical excision of the affected cartilage is recommended if conservative therapy with steroid injections is unsuccessful.

Question 105

Chondrodermatitis nodularis

Answer 105

Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis is a chronic, inflammatory, painful, nodular lesion located primarily on the helix or antihelix of the ear. These lesions often produce exquisite tenderness that interferes with sleep.

Question 106

Histology of chondrodermatitis nodularis

Answer 106

Histologically, the underlying cartilage demonstrates focal degenerative change and surrounding perichondritis.

Question 107

Cause of chondrodermatitis nodularis

Answer 107

The cause of this inflammatory process is unknown, but long-term trauma or sun damage may play a role.

Question 108

Treatment of chondrodermatitis nodularis

Answer 108

Surgical excision of the affected cartilage is recommended if conservative therapy with steroid injections is unsuccessful.

Question 109

Symptoms of actinic keratosis

Answer 109

Usually asymptomatic except for possible pruritis

Question 110

Clinical appearance of actinic keratosis

Answer 110

It is characterized bya discrete, flat, or slightly elevated lesion with surrounding erythema. These lesions are often multiple and appear scaly due to hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis.

Question 111

Malignant potential of actinic keratosis

Answer 111

Twenty to 25% of lesions progress to squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 112

Keratoacanthoma clinical presentation

Answer 112

A keratoacanthoma is a round, smooth, pink nodule encircling a large keratinous plug. It enlarges rapidly during a period of weeks and can resolve spontaneously.

Question 113

Keratoacanthoma histology

Answer 113

Histologically, it can be difficult to distinguish from squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 114

Keratoacanthoma management

Answer 114

Although it is classified as benign and self-involuting, the treatment of choice is excision.

Question 115

Seborrheic keratosis clinical presentation

Answer 115

Seborrheic keratosis is a sharply circumscribed, waxy papillomatous lesion with a friable hyperkeratotic surface and a stuck on appearance.

Question 116

Seborrheic keratosis management

Answer 116

It is an asymptomatic benign lesion and excision is elective.

Question 117

Tricholemmoma clinical presentation

Answer 117

Tricholemmoma is a benign tumor often found in the scalp and has a clinical appearance similar to an epidermal inclusion cyst.

Question 118

Tricholemmoma management

Answer 118

Treatment is simple excision.

Question 119

``` An otherwise healthy 65-year-old woman comes to the office because she noticed a well-circumscribed 2-cm dark brown lesion with a waxy surface on herback two years ago. On excision of the lesion, which of the following is the most likely pathologic diagnosis? (A)Actinic keratosis (B)Congenital nevus (C)Cutaneous horn (D)Keratoacanthoma (E)Seborrheic keratosis ```

Answer 119

(E)Seborrheic keratosis Seborrheic keratosis is commonly excised to prevent potential confusion with malignant melanoma. These lesions are often seen in large numbers on middle-aged and older patients. They are sharply circumscribed, waxy, and friable with a ―stuck on‖ appearance. Pigmentation ranges from tan to deep black. Treatment options include shave excision, electrodesiccation, freezing with liquid nitrogen, or simple excision. These lesions do not undergo malignant degeneration and are not easily confused with squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 120

Seborrheic keratosis pigmentation

Answer 120

Pigmentation ranges from tan to deep black

Question 121

Seborrheic keratosis is commonly confused with:

Answer 121

Malignant melanoma

Question 122

``` Which of the following treatments for basal cell carcinoma has the lowest recurrence rate? (A)Cryotherapy (B)Electrodesiccation and curettage (C)5-Fluorouracil (D)Mohs surgery (E)Radiation therapy ```

Answer 122

(D)Mohs surgery Mohs surgery yields the most favorable recurrence rate of 3.4% to 7.9%, establishing it asthe treatment of choice for recurrent skin tumors.

Question 123

A 25-year-old woman comes to the office because she has had a raised raw lesion on the dominant right forearm for the past three years since undergoing a cardiac transplantation. The area has slowly increased in size during the past year. She says she has taken oral and topical antibacterial and antifungal agents irregularly for the past year. She currently takes prednisone. Physical examination shows a 3-cm-diameter mass with a raw surface on the dorsal aspect of the right mid forearm. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? (A)Acticoat dressing (B)Biopsy for culture and pathology (C)Contrast and noncontrast MRI (D)Excision of the lesion followed by skin grafting (E)Reduction in immunosuppression

Answer 123

(B)Biopsy for culture and pathology In the scenario described, the most useful intervention is to perform a biopsy of a mass specimen for infection (bacterial, fungal, and atypical pathogen) and histopathology. With this information, the treatment can be cause-specific.

Question 124

___________ immunosuppression appears to drive the time course of tumor development earlier.

Answer 124

Cyclosporine immunosuppression appears to drive the time course of tumor development earlier.

Question 125

Acticoat

Answer 125

Silver ion dressing

Question 126

Origin of congenital melanocytic nevi

Answer 126

Congenital melanocytic nevi, such as this one, are believed to represent an anomaly in embryogenesis and, as such, could be considered a malformation or a hamartoma.

Question 127

What patient population develops congenital melanocytic nevi

Answer 127

Melanocytic nevi are common in light-or fair-skinned patients and are relatively uncommon lesions in dark-skinned individuals.

Question 128

Where do keratoacanthomas arise from?

Answer 128

The pilosebaceous glands

Question 129

Nevus of Ota

Answer 129

A nevus of Ota is a blue-gray lesion occurring on the face in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve (particularly the ophthalmic and maxillary branches—V1 and V2).

Question 130

Nevus of Ito

Answer 130

A nevus of Ito is similar to the nevus of Ota (a blue-gray lesion) but follows the distribution of the lateral brachial cutaneous and supraclavicular nerves

Question 131

Nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn

Answer 131

A nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn is a yellow-orange, slightly elevated plaque that usually occurs on the face and scalp. It has the potential for malignant transformation to a basal cell carcinoma.

Question 132

A 45-year-old woman comes to the office for consultation regarding multiple actinic keratoses on the face. Physical examination shows fair-skinned complexion and small scaly patches on the face and ears. Which of the following interventions will result in the most desirable long-term aesthetic appearance in this patient? (A)Cryosurgery (B)Electrodesiccation and curettage (C)Excision of the lesions with 2-mm margins (D)Microdermabrasion (E)Topical application of 0.5% fluorouracil cream

Answer 132

(E)Topical application of 0.5% fluorouracil cream Several formulations and concentrations of topical fluorouracil have received U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the treatment of keratotic lesions. Fluorouracil 5% and 0.5% creams have demonstrated, in clinical trials, a marked ability to eradicate keratotic lesions.

Question 133

Cosmetic result of 5-FU vs surgical excision for keratotic lesions

Answer 133

The cosmetic result of 5-FU is often far better than surgical excision.

Question 134

0.5% vs 5% FU

Answer 134

0.5% cream is more cost-effective and may be safer, more tolerable, and as effective as fluorouracil 5% cream.

Question 135

___% of squamous cell carcinoma cases begin as actinic keratosis

Answer 135

Although 60% of squamous cell carcinoma cases begin as actinic keratosis, the risk of progression to squamous cell carcinoma is minimal.

Question 136

``` A 17-year-old girl comes to the office because she has had lesions on the upper arms and in the axillary folds for the past eight years. Physical examination shows clusters of white, vesicular lesions ranging from 2 to 5 mm in diameter. The lesions are obliterated with gentle pressure but refill when pressure is removed. Diffuse swelling is palpable in the underlying subcutaneous tissue. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? (A)Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (B)Lymphangioma circumscriptum (C)Maffucci syndrome (D)Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome (E)Sebaceous nevus ```

Answer 136

(B)Lymphangioma circumscriptum Lymphangioma circumscriptum consists of clusters of small to moderate-sized, clear to whitish-appearing vesicular lesions. These lesions can be obliterated with gentle pressure, but they refill with the lymph when the pressure is removed due to the presence of communications with larger underlying cisterns of lymphatic malformation. Clear vesicles may be present on apparently normal skin or may top small papules. Although the classic lesion can occur anywhere on the body, it is particularly common over proximal parts of limbs and adjacent parts of the limb girdle including the upper arm, axillary, pectoral, and scapular regions. Adequate treatment of lymphangioma circumscriptum usually involves excision of the involved skin as well as the deeper lymphatic components.

Question 137

Lymphangioma circumscriptum

Answer 137

Lymphangioma circumscriptum consists of clusters of small to moderate-sized, clear to whitish-appearing vesicular lesions. These lesions can be obliterated with gentle pressure, but they refill with the lymph when the pressure is removed due to the presence of communications with larger underlying cisterns of lymphatic malformation. Clear vesicles may be present on apparently normal skin or may top small papules.

Question 138

Lymphangioma circumscriptum: where does it occur?

Answer 138

Although the classic lesion can occur anywhere on the body, it is particularly common over proximal parts of limbs and adjacent parts of the limb girdle including the upper arm, axillary, pectoral, and scapular regions.

Question 139

Lymphangioma circumscriptum: Treatment

Answer 139

Adequate treatment of lymphangioma circumscriptum usually involves excision of the involved skin as well as the deeper lymphatic components.

Question 140

Blue rubber bleb nevi

Answer 140

Blue rubber bleb nevi usually present as raised blue to purple rubbery cutaneous lesions that are easily compressible. This is a rare morphogenetic disorder consisting of malformed vascular channels within the skin and bowel. When blood is expressed from the vesicles, the deflated blister becomes a wrinkled sac. When pressure is released, the deflated blisters refill with blood.

Question 141

Blue rubber bleb nevi: When do they present?

Answer 141

The lesions sometime present at birth, but more frequently appear throughout adolescence.

Question 142

Blue rubber bleb nevi: Management

Answer 142

Subtotal excisions of tender or painful skin lesions can be of symptomatic relief.

Question 143

Maffucci syndrome

Answer 143

Maffucci syndrome classically presents as blood-like, spongy, papular, or pedunculated vascular malformations in association with enchondromas. Visceral vascular malformations may also be present, and the involved bones are usually shortened and deformed.

Question 144

What is concerning about Maffucci syndrome?

Answer 144

Approximately 20% of the enchondromas can degenerate into chondrosarcoma, which is usually manifest by increasing size and pain of a particular lesion

Question 145

Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome

Answer 145

Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome presents as malformed ectatic vessels in the skin, mucous membranes, and viscera appearing after puberty and multiplying with advancing age. Hemorrhage fromthe lesions presents as epistaxis, hematemesis, hematuria, or melena

Question 146

When does Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome present?

Answer 146

Appears after puberty and multiplying with advancing age.

Question 147

Sebaceous nevi

Answer 147

Sebaceous nevi usually develop as firm, plaque-like, waxy-appearing yellowish lesions developing on the scalp. These are potentially premalignant lesions. Generally, these lesions should be excised, because there is an approximately 5% incidence of malignant degeneration, particularly during adolescence. Hair growth in these lesions is sparse to absent.

Question 148

What is concerning about sebaceous nevi?

Answer 148

These are potentially premalignant lesions (5%)

Question 149

Management of sebaceous nevi

Answer 149

Generally, these lesions should be excised, because there is an approximately 5% incidence of malignant degeneration

Question 150

``` A 23-year-old woman with neurofibromatosis comes to the office for consultation regarding lesions on the face and trunk that have appeared during the past 10 years. She is dissatisfied with the cosmetic appearance of a lesion on her nose and is concerned about a lesion on the left hip that has been enlarging and is painful on application of pressure. Physical examination shows multiple small, flesh-colored masses on the face and trunk ranging from 5 to 35 mm in diameter. Punch biopsy shows neurofibromas. Which of the following is the most appropriate management of the lesions on the patient’s nose and hip? (A)Injection of a corticosteroid (B)Nd:YAG laser resurfacing (C)Radiation therapy (D)Surgical excision (E)Observation only ```

Answer 150

(D)Surgical excision Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal-dominant disorder that can affect the skin, soft tissues, bone, and central nervous system. The treatment of isolated soft tissue and skin nodules is primarily surgical. Lesions are composedof Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and mast cells. Malignant transformation may occur in 3% to 15% of patients over their lifetime. Any lesions that grow rapidly or cause pain should be excised or biopsied to exclude neurofibrosarcoma. Observation is, therefore, not appropriate in this case.

Question 151

Neurofibromatosis

Answer 151

Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal-dominant disorder that can affect the skin, soft tissues, bone, and central nervous system. The treatment of isolated soft tissue and skin nodules is primarily surgical. Lesions are composedof Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and mast cells. Malignant transformation may occur in 3% to 15% of patients over their lifetime. Any lesions that grow rapidly or cause pain should be excised or biopsied to exclude neurofibrosarcoma. Observation is, therefore, not appropriate in this case.

Question 152

Heredity of neurofibromatosis

Answer 152

Autosomal dominant

Question 153

Neurofibromatosis: Malignant transformation may occur in ______% of patients over their lifetime.

Answer 153

Malignant transformation may occur in 3% to 15% of patients over their lifetime.

Question 154

Clinical manifestations of neurofibromatosis

Answer 154

Café-au-lait macules may develop in early childhood. Other physical signs may include hamartomas of the iris (Lisch nodules) and axillary freckling. Central nervous system lesions, such as acoustic neuromas and meningiomas, may occur. Many patients have learning disabilities, and up to 10% may have mental retardation. Pheochromocytomas are also more common in this patient population.

Question 155

NF-1 vs NF-2

Answer 155

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) primarily affects the peripheral nervous system Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF-2) affects the central nervous system.

Question 156

Neurofibromin

Answer 156

Neurofibromin - acts as a tumor suppressor

Question 157

``` Whichof the following benign lesions is most common in individuals with Fitzpatrick type VI skin? (A) Chondrodermatitis nodularis (B) Dermatosis papulosa nigra (C) Melasma (D) Seborrheic keratosis ```

Answer 157

(B) Dermatosis papulosa nigra Dermatosis papulosa nigra is a variant of seborrheic keratosis and is primarily seen in African Americans and some Asians. These lesions typically begin in adolescence and are most commonly noted in the cheek area. Dermatosis papulosa nigra can also present as multiple lesions. Shave excision, curettage, and cryotherapy are acceptable treatment plans, but hypopigmentation can result.

Question 158

Dermatosis papulosa nigra

Answer 158

Dermatosis papulosa nigra is a variant of seborrheic keratosis and is primarily seen in African Americans and some Asians.

Question 159

Melasma

Answer 159

Melasma is a common hyperpigmentation of the face and neck area that is commonly associated with pregnancy or estrogen use.

Question 160

Actinic keratoses

Answer 160

Actinic keratoses are dark raised lesions seen in sun-exposed areas. Varying degrees of cellular atypia can be seen and malignant degeneration can be seen in approximately 10% of lesions.

Question 161

Chondrodermatitis

Answer 161

Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis is usually seen in men older than 40 years and is a nodular or ulcerative lesion located on the helix, antihelix, or antitragus.

Question 162

``` A 65-year-old Caucasian woman comes to the office for consultation regarding 5-mm actinic keratosis. Which of the following percentages best represents the risk of malignant degeneration in this patient? (A) 0% (B) 25% (C) 50% (D) 75% (E) 90% ```

Answer 162

(B) 25% Actinic keratosis is a common premalignant lesion due to the cumulative effects of sun exposure. It has up to a 25% chance of progressing to a squamous cell carcinoma. In general, curettage and electrodesiccation are the mainstays of treatment. Wide local excision is not advocated in the treatment of this premalignant lesion.

Question 163

Risk of malignant transformation of actinic keratosis

Answer 163

25%

Question 164

``` A 45-year-old woman comes to the office for consultation regarding lesions characteristic of actinic keratosis on the face. Worsening of the lesions most likely indicates the presence of which of the following disorders? (A) Basal cell carcinoma (B) Keratoacanthoma (C) Malignant melanoma (D) Seborrheic keratosis (E) Squamous cell carcinoma ```

Answer 164

(E) Squamous cell carcinoma Actinic (solar) keratoses are the most common premalignant skin lesions and are usually seen in older, light-complexioned individuals. They are the result of cumulative exposure to ultraviolet light, and 20% to 25% of these lesions progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 165

In what type of tissue do basal cell carcinomas most often occur?

Answer 165

Basal cell carcinomas arise fromthe epithelium basal layer and occur most often at sites with high concentrations of pilosebaceous follicles.

Question 166

A 57-year-old woman comes to the office for management of a gradually enlarging lesion on the nose (rhinophyma). Which of the following is the most appropriate management? (A) Radiation therapy (B) Dermabrasion (C) Carbon dioxide laser ablation (D) Tangential excision (E) Full-thickness excision and skin grafting

Answer 166

(D) Tangential excision Considering the high incidence of skin cancer with rhinophyma (3% to 10%) and the increasing size of this patient’s nose, any therapy involving ablation (such as cryotherapy or laser destruction) without tissue sampling would be contraindicated. The presence of skin cancer in the specimen should prompt referral to a Mohs’ surgeon for definitive reexcision. Although dermabrasion alone is indicated for mild to moderate cases of rhinophyma, this patient would benefit most from debulking via tangentialexcision, dermabrasion for final contouring, and carbon dioxide laser therapy for hemostasis only.

Question 167

Most concerning thing about rhinophyma

Answer 167

There is a high incidence of skin cancer with rhinophyma (3% to 10%)

Question 168

Management of rhinophyma

Answer 168

Mild to moderate - dermabrasion Severe - debulking via tangential excision Severe, recurrent cases of rhinophyma: Full thickness excision with grafting

Question 169

Isotretinoin and rhinophyma

Answer 169

In terms of pharmacologic therapy, isotretinoin (Accutane) is indicated for rosacea and early rhinophyma, but patients must wait one year after discontinuation of this drug before undergoing surgery. Isotretinoin destroys sebaceous glands and would prevent reepithelialization after tangential excision, dermabrasion, or laser resurfacing.

Question 170

Treatment of pyogenic granuloma

Answer 170

Usually rapidly developing, they are prone to bleeding and local irritation. Treatment consists of excision and cauterization of the base.

Question 171

In what patient population are pyogenic granulomas more common?

Answer 171

Common in children and young adults

Question 172

When does a nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn present?

Answer 172

At birth

Question 173

Spitz nevus

Answer 173

Spitz nevus lesions are usually smooth and range in color from pink to brown; histology is similar to malignant melanoma.

Question 174

Spitz nevus management

Answer 174

Appropriate treatment is excision; a spitz nevus has capability of malignant transformation.

Question 175

Basal cell nevus syndrome

Answer 175

Basal cell nevus syndrome appears as multifocal basal cell cancer in teens and young adults, with additional findings of jaw cysts and palmar skin pits

Question 176

``` A 44-year-old woman has had a persistent nodular lesion measuring 5 mm in diameter on the anterior scalp for the past year. Pathologic evaluation of a specimen obtained on excisional biopsy shows dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Surgical resection with a 1-cm border and scalp rotation is used for closure. Which of the following is the most likely long-term outcome? (A) Brain metastasis (B) Local recurrence (C) Pulmonary metastasis (D) Regional nodal metastasis ```

Answer 176

(B) Local recurrence Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a low-to intermediate-grade sarcoma that typically is aggressive and has a local recurrence rate of up to 60%. Tumor cells tend to invade local tissue with tentacle-like projections in skin that appears normal clinically.

Question 177

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP)

Answer 177

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a low-to intermediate-grade sarcoma that typically is aggressive; tumor cells tend to invade local tissue with tentacle-like projections in skin that appears normal clinically.

Question 178

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) local recurrence rate

Answer 178

Up to 60%

Question 179

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP): The head and neck are involved in ___% of affected patients

Answer 179

14%

Question 180

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP): Recurrence rates in the head and neck region vs other areas

Answer 180

Recurrence rates are higher for head and neck lesions than rates in other sites, possibly because the extent of surgical resection is limited.

Question 181

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP): Recurrence rate in the head and neck

Answer 181

Up to 75%

Question 182

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP): managment

Answer 182

Treatment of DFSP includes wide surgical resection with margins of 3 cm.

Question 183

Regional and distant metastases in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

Answer 183

Regional and distant metastases are uncommon, occurring in less than 4% of affected patients.

Question 184

``` A70-year-old man has had a painful, ulcerated nodule on the helical rim of the left ear (shown) for the past two years. The lesion was cauterized once by a dermatologist, but it never resolved completely. Punch biopsy shows ulcerated epidermis over an area of degenerated dermal collagen, lymphocytic infiltrate, and fibrous thickening of the perichondrium. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? (A) Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis (B) Grade II pressure ulcer (C) Proliferative actinic keratosis (D) Suppurative chondritis (E) Ulcerated basal cell carcinoma ```

Answer 184

(A) Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis This type of perforating collagenosis affects individuals over age 50 and, based on appearance alone, is commonly confused with sun-related neoplasms of the skin. It may develop from the minor trauma of sleeping on the affected ear. Because it is very painful, the patient typically avoids pressure or friction on the affected area. Most CNHC lesions are 4 to 6 mm in diameter; they rarely exceed 1 cm. They may occur as two lesions close to each other. The primary pathologic finding may be degenerated dermal collagen trying to extrude through the epidermal surface, which is perpetuated by a chronic lymphocytic infiltrate.

Question 185

Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: patient population

Answer 185

This type of perforating collagenosis affects individuals over age 50

Question 186

Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: Clinical history

Answer 186

It may develop from the minor trauma of sleeping on the affected ear. Because it is very painful, the patient typically avoids pressure or friction on the affected area.

Question 187

Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: Size

Answer 187

Most CNHC lesions are 4 to 6 mm in diameter; they rarely exceed 1 cm.

Question 188

Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: Pathological findings

Answer 188

The primary pathologic finding may be degenerated dermal collagen trying to extrude through the epidermal surface, which is perpetuated by a chronic lymphocytic infiltrate.

Question 189

Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: Pathological findings of the cartilage

Answer 189

The perichondrium and underlying cartilage may show degenerative changes, including fibrosis and patchy hyalinization of the cartilage. Slitlike spaces that contain fibrin occur in the midst of the degenerated collagen and at the dermoepidermal junction.

Question 190

Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: Treatment

Answer 190

CNHC is best treated with topical or intralesional steroid therapy because cauterization is associated with a recurrence rate of approximately 20%.

Question 191

Actinic keratosis affects what tissue/cells?

Answer 191

Actinic keratosis affects the epidermis, not the dermis,

Question 192

Suppurative chondritis: Clinical presentation

Answer 192

Florid condition that presents with a painful, swollen, red ear that drains pus. The pinna takes a sprung-out position, and polymorphonuclear cells predominate in the inflammatory infiltrate.

Question 193

Histological changes in basal cell carcinoma

Answer 193

Histologically, it includes pallisading nests of basal cells that infiltrate the dermis. The dermal collagen usually is normal but may show changes caused by sun damage, such as solar elastosis.

Question 194

``` A 30-year-old woman with melasma comes to the office for consultation regarding treatment options. Examination shows Fitzpatrick type V skin. Which of the following treatments is most appropriate in this patient? (A) Erbium laser (B) Phenol/croton oil (C) 1% Tretinoin (D) 35% Trichloroacetic acid ```

Answer 194

(C) 1% Tretinoin Melasma may be difficult to treat in dark-skinned (Fitzpatrick type IV or V) patients due to side effects, most commonly hypopigmentation. For years, the gold standard for treating dark-skinned patients with melasma was alpha-hydroxy acid peel, such as with 70% glycolic acid. Recent data have shown a 1% tretinoin peel, weekly or biweekly, to be equally as effective as 70% glycolicacid for treating melasma in these patients.

Question 195

Melasma is challenging to treat in which patients?

Answer 195

Melasma may be difficult to treat in dark-skinned (Fitzpatrick type IV or V) patients due to side effects, most commonly hypopigmentation.

Question 196

Treatment of melasma

Answer 196

Recent data have shown a 1% tretinoin peel, weekly or biweekly Or, 70% glycolic acid

Question 197

Melasma

Answer 197

Dark, irregular well demarcated hyperpigmented macules to patches commonly found on the upper cheek, nose, lips, upper lip, and forehead.

Question 198

Etiology of melasma

Answer 198

Melasma is thought to be the stimulation of melanocytes by the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone to produce more melanin pigments when the skin is exposed to sun.

Question 199

``` Keratoacanthoma is a subtype of which of the following tumors? (A) Basal cell carcinoma (B) Malignant melanoma (C) Merkel cell tumor (D) Sebaceous carcinoma (E) Squamous cell carcinoma ```

Answer 199

(E) Squamous cell carcinoma Keratoacanthoma is a subtype of squamous cell carcinoma. It is well differentiated in most cases, but can exhibit a rapid growth phase with extensive tissue destruction.

Question 200

Hallmark physical feature of keratoacanthoma:

Answer 200

The hallmark physical feature of keratoacanthoma is a central destructive crater with a distinct fleshy rim. A central plug of keratin can also beassociated.

Question 201

Sebaceous carcinomas

Answer 201

These tumors contain sebaceous cells and are typically organized into circumscribed lobules. Periorbital primary lesions can act aggressively with high rates of early metastasis.

Question 202

Sebaceous carcinoma: Most common location

Answer 202

Sebaceous carcinomas are uncommon skin malignancies that arise most frequently on the eyelids.

Question 203

``` In the eyelid, which of the following malignant skin lesions most commonly originates in the meibomian gland? (A) Basal cell carcinoma (B) Malignant melanoma (C) Merkel cell carcinoma (D) Sebaceous carcinoma (E) Squamous cell carcinoma ```

Answer 203

(D) Sebaceous carcinoma Sebaceous carcinomas arise from the adnexal epithelium of sebaceous glands and can be divided into ocular and extraocular subtypes. The ocular subtype is more common and typically arises from the meibomian gland in the upper or lower eyelid. Metastasis is common. Extraocular sebaceous carcinomas arise primarily in hair-bearing areas.

Question 204

Types of sebaceous carcinoma:

Answer 204

1. The ocular subtype is more common and typically arises from the meibomian gland in the upper or lower eyelid. Metastasis is common. 2. Extraocular sebaceous carcinomas arise primarily in hair-bearing areas.

Question 205

From where do sebaceous carcinomas arise?

Answer 205

Sebaceous carcinomas arise from the adnexal epithelium of sebaceous glands and can be divided into ocular and extraocular subtypes.

Question 206

Squamous cell carcinomas arise from:

Answer 206

Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the malpighian layer of the skin

Question 207

``` Which of the following pigmented nevi is most difficult to distinguish clinically and histologically from malignant melanoma? (A) Blue nevus (B) Mongolian spot (C) Nevus of Ota (D) Nevus spilus (E) Spitz nevus ```

Answer 207

(E) Spitz nevus

Question 208

Where does a Spitz nevus occur in adults vs children?

Answer 208

Children - head and neck | Adults - extremities

Question 209

In what type of patients do Spitz nevi usually arise?

Answer 209

Fair skinned patients

Question 210

Spitz nevus vs malignant melanoma: Histology

Answer 210

The histologic distinction between Spitz nevus and malignant melanoma is equivocal in approximately 8% of cases.

Question 211

The histologic distinction between _______ and malignant melanoma is equivocal in approximately ___% of cases.

Answer 211

The histologic distinction between Spitz nevus and malignant melanoma is equivocal in approximately 8% of cases.

Question 212

Blue nevus

Answer 212

A blue nevus is a small intradermal papular lesion composed of dermal melanocytes. It rarely undergoes malignant changes.

Question 213

Nevus spilus

Answer 213

A nevus spilus is a café-au-lait spot (light brown patch) with numerous darker speckles within it. This lesion usually appears later in life.

Question 214

Which of the following is the most effective management of herpetic whitlow? (A) Application of a dry dressing (B) Debridement and skin grafting (C) Incision and drainage of blisters (D) Oral administration of a second-generation cephalosporin (E) Topical administration of acyclovir

Answer 214

(A) Application of a dry dressing Because herpetic whitlow resolves without wounding, debridement and skin grafting are not needed. An incision and drainage procedure is contraindicated because it can spread the infection and cause secondary bacterial infections. Because the infection is of viral origin, cephalosporin antibiotics are of no use. Topical acyclovir has minimal benefit.

Question 215

Management of herpetic whitlow

Answer 215

Herpetic whitlow is a herpesvirus infection of the digits that commonly affects dentists and healthcare workers.

Question 216

Clinical presentation of herpetic whitlow

Answer 216

The condition is characterized by severe pain and the presence of small vesicles containing clear fluid; it usually resolves within three to four weeks

Question 217

Duration of herpetic whitlow

Answer 217

3-4 weeks

Question 218

``` In a 56-year-old man who has a lesion on the tip of the nose, histopathologic examination of a punch biopsy specimen shows basal cell carcinoma. Mohs’ micrographic resection is recommended if this patient has which of the following types of basal cell carcinoma? (A) Morpheaform (B) Nodular (C) Pigmented (D) Ulcerated ```

Answer 218

(A) Morpheaform Cure rates for this technique, when used for treatment of basal cell carcinoma, have been reported to range from 98.2% to 99.9%, compared with 94% to 95% for standard surgical excision.Mohs’ micrographic resection is appropriate for removal of basal cell carcinomas, especially recurrent lesions and those lesions that are located in anatomically sensitive sites, such as the eyelid margin, medial canthus, and nasal ala. This technique is particularly effective for the morpheaform variation of basal cell carcinoma, also know as sclerosing basal cell carcinoma, because of the difficulties encountered when attempting to visually determine the tumor margins, which are often not well demarcated. In addition, because morpheaform basal cell carcinoma is more prone to recur, pathologic evaluation of the margins is indicated prior to reconstruction. Because nodulated, pigmented, and ulcerated basal cells typically have distinct margins and are amenable to primary excision, Mohs’ micrographic resection is usually unnecessary.

Question 219

Morpheaform basal cell carcinoma is also known as:

Answer 219

Sclerosing basal cell carcinoma

Question 220

Why would Mohs' be indicated for morpheaform basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 220

- Because of the difficulties encountered when attempting to visually determine the tumor margins, which are often not well demarcated. --- Because it is more prone to recur; pathologic evaluation of the margins is indicated prior to reconstruction.

Question 221

``` Which of the following medications is most appropriate to prevent and to treat heterotopic ossification? (A) Calcitonin (B) Etidronate (C) Mithramycin (D) Phosphate ```

Answer 221

(B) Etidronate Etidronate (Didronel) and pamidronate (Aredia) are most appropriate for prevention or treatment of heterotopic ossification. These agents act primarily on bone to inhibit the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals and do not impair fracture healing.

Question 222

Heterotopic ossification

Answer 222

Heterotopic ossification is an abnormal proliferation of bone that occurs in patients whohave sustained burns, spinal cord injuries, and closed head trauma.

Question 223

When does heterotopic ossification become apparent?

Answer 223

This condition becomes apparent initially on radiographs one to four months after injury.

Question 224

Heterotopic ossification may occur in up to ___% of patients who sustain spinal cord injuries and is clinically significant in ___% of those patients

Answer 224

Heterotopic ossification may occur in up to 40% of patients who sustain spinal cord injuries and is clinically significant in 50% of those patients

Question 225

Medical management of heterotopic ossification

Answer 225

Etidronate (Didronel) and pamidronate (Aredia) are most appropriate for prevention or treatment of heterotopic ossification. These agents act primarily on bone to inhibit the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals and do not impair fracture healing.

Question 226

Most common population for cutaneous sarcoidosis

Answer 226

African americans

Question 227

In what patient population does keratoacanthoma occur?

Answer 227

Typically occurs in men older than age 50 years.

Question 228

Cylindromas: Clinical presentation

Answer 228

Cylindromas are round, firm, fleshy tumors of the scalp that are rarely solitary.

Question 229

Dermatofibroma: Clinical presentation

Answer 229

Dermatofibroma is a fibrous, papular lesion characteristically found on the lower extremities in young adults.

Question 230

Seborrheic keratosis: Clinical presentation

Answer 230

Seborrheic keratosis has a waxy, greasy, or pressed-on appearance and generally occurs on the face and trunk of older persons.

Question 231

Syringoma: Clinical presentation

Answer 231

Syringoma is a flesh-colored or yellow papule that typically develops in females during adolescence or early adulthood. These lesions may be multiple and often occur only on the lower eyelids.

Question 232

``` A 51-year-old woman has had multiple lesions around the nostrils for the past two years. She says that the lesions first appeared similar to pimples and have enlarged. A photograph is shown above. The lesions have not resolved with intralesional injections of corticosteroids. Findings on nasal smear and tissue cultures are negative. Histologic examination of a biopsy specimen of a lesion shows noncaseating epithelioid granulomata.Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? (A) Cutaneous sarcoidosis (B) Keloids (C) Neurofibromatosis (D) Rhinosporidiosis (E) Wegener’s granulomatosis ```

Answer 232

(A) Cutaneous sarcoidosis

Question 233

Potential cutaneous manifestations of sarcoidosis

Answer 233

Maculopapular eruptions, sarcoidal plaques, lupus pernio lesions, and subcutaneous and cutaneous nodules

Question 234

Cutaneous manifestations of sarcoidosis occur in ___% of patients

Answer 234

25%

Question 235

Management of cutaneous sarcoidosis

Answer 235

Appropriate treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis is intralesional administration of a corticosteroid or oral administration of hydroxychloroquine sulfate or methotrexate.

Question 236

Histology of Neurofibromatosis

Answer 236

Neurofibromatosis is characterized histologically by swirls of fibroblastic cells, collagen, and nerve fibers.

Question 237

Rhinosporidiosis

Answer 237

Rhinosporidiosis is a fungal granulomatous condition of the nose caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi bacteria. Affected patients have pedunculated masses with reddish-purple discoloration. Although findings on culture are usually negative, microscopic examination of nasal smears typically shows sporangia.

Question 238

Wegener's granulomatosis initially causes:

Answer 238

Wegener’s granulomatosis is a systemic disease that initially causes localized perforation of the septum or multiple intranasal ulcerations.

Question 239

Histological findings of Wegener's granulomatosis

Answer 239

Histologic examination shows findings consistent with necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis.

Question 240

``` A 46-year-old woman has had painful purpura-like lesions on the breasts, abdomen, and lower extremities for the past three weeks. She currently undergoes dialysis for end-stage renal disease. Physical examination shows several dry, leathery, full-thickness areas of skin necrosis. A photograph is shown above. Calciphylaxis is diagnosed.Laboratory studies are most likely to show an increased serum level of which of the following? (A) Calcium (B) Glucose (C) Parathyroid hormone (D) Protein C (E) Thyroid-stimulating hormone ```

Answer 240

(C) Parathyroid hormone Calciphylaxis, also known as uremic gangrene syndrome, is a rare complication of end-stage renal disease. This condition is characterized by painful, ischemic, violaceous skin lesions on the extremities and sometimes the trunk that exhibit alivido reticularis pattern. Full-thickness skin necrosis ensues, leading first to secondary infection, then to sepsis, and frequently to death; the mortality rate in patients with calciphylaxis has been reported to be as high as 60%. Calciphylaxis is a result of the metabolic imbalance in calcium and phosphate homeostasis that is frequently observed in patients with renal failure. Secondary hyperparathyroidism causes an abnormal increase in calcium X phosphate product, which can lead to soft-tissue calcification. In these patients, serum levels of parathyroid hormone are most likely to be increased. Hyperphosphatemia is also characteristic

Question 241

Natural course of lesions seen in patients with calciphylaxis

Answer 241

The lesions that occur in patients with calciphylaxis rarely heal spontaneously and frequently become infected.

Question 242

Cause of calciphylaxis: Big picture view

Answer 242

Rare complication of end-stage renal disease.

Question 243

Clinical characteristics of calciphylaxis

Answer 243

This condition is characterized by painful, ischemic, violaceous skin lesions on the extremities and sometimes the trunk that exhibit alivido reticularis pattern. Full-thickness skin necrosis ensues, leading first to secondary infection, then to sepsis, and frequently to death;

Question 244

Mortality rate of calciphylaxis

Answer 244

The mortality rate in patients with calciphylaxis has been reported to be as high as 60%.

Question 245

Histology of calciphylaxis

Answer 245

Histologic examination of affected skin shows fat necrosis, calcification of the subcutaneous tissues, and microcalcifications in the intima and media of small arteries. Luminal narrowing of the vessels with intimal hyperplasia is common, and complete occlusion also occurs.

Question 246

Electrolyte / hormones and calciphylaxis

Answer 246

Calciphylaxis is a result of the metabolic imbalance in calcium and phosphate homeostasis that is frequently observed in patients with renal failure: Secondary hyperparathyroidism--> - Increase in calcium X phosphate product - Hyperphosphatemia is also characteristic - Calcium is normal - Increased TSH

Question 247

Calciphylaxis is also known as:

Answer 247

Calciphylaxis is also known as uremic gangrene syndrome

Question 248

Management of cutaneous calciphylaxis

Answer 248

Various management options should be considered, including debridement of the lesions, topical administration of antimicrobial agents, and frequent dressing changes, followed by skin grafting, or direct excision and closure of the lesions. Subtotal thyroidectomy is also advocated for treatment in some patients.

Question 249

``` Which of the following pigmented nevi is classified as a hamartoma? (A) Acral nevus (B) Becker nevus (C) Dysplastic nevus (D) Halo nevus (E) Spitz nevus ```

Answer 249

(B) Becker nevus A Becker nevus is a common benign cutaneous hamartoma with epidermal and/or dermal elements. These lesions can occur at birth but often develop during the second and third decades of life, and males are affected more frequently. Becker nevi are typically brown patches or plaques on the upper trunk. Hypertrichosis is commonly associated, and an underlying smooth muscle hamartoma is present.

Question 250

Becker nevus

Answer 250

A Becker nevus is a common benign cutaneous hamartoma with epidermal and/or dermal elements.

Question 251

Becker nevi: Patient population

Answer 251

These lesions can occur at birth but often develop during the second and third decades of life, and males are affected more frequently.

Question 252

Becker nevi: clinical presentation

Answer 252

Becker nevi are typically brown patches or plaques on the upper trunk. Hypertrichosis is commonly associated, and an underlying smooth muscle hamartoma is present.

Question 253

Acral nevus

Answer 253

Acral nevi are typically junctional or compound and are located on the palmar or plantar surfaces.

Question 254

What is Clark's nevus?

Answer 254

Another name for a dysplastic nevus

Question 255

Halo nevus

Answer 255

A halo nevus, or Sutton’s nevus, is a central melanocytic nevus surrounded by a rim or halo of hypopigmented skin. This loss of pigmentation typically corresponds with spontaneous regression of the central nevus and is thought to occur secondary to a cell-mediated and humoral immune response to nevus antigens

Question 256

Another name for halo nevus

Answer 256

Sutton's nevus

Question 257

``` A 60-year-old farmer with multiple actinic keratoses undergoes topical therapy with administration of 5% 5-fluorouracil cream for three weeks. Six months later, a 3-mm ulcer develops in the right infraorbital region and enlarges to 1 cm over three months. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? (A) Basal cell carcinoma (B) Bowen’s disease (C) Keratoacanthoma (D) Seborrheic keratosis (E) Squamous cell carcinoma ```

Answer 257

(E) Squamous cell carcinoma This 60-year-old farmer with a 1-cm ulcerated lesion in the right infraorbital region most likely has a squamous cell carcinoma. Actinic keratoses occur in older, fair-skinned persons and are thought to represent the cumulative effects of exposure to ultraviolet light. ~ 20% of patients with actinic keratoses will eventually develop cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 258

Bowen’s disease

Answer 258

Intraepithelial squamous cell carcinoma

Question 259

In which regions does Bowen's disease typically develop?

Answer 259

Both sun and non-sun exposed areas in older patients

Question 260

Bowen's disease: Clinical appearance

Answer 260

These are typically solitary, sharply defined lesions that have red discoloration and are covered with plaque.

Question 261

Keratoacanthomas: Clinical appearance

Answer 261

They are initially firm, round, flesh-colored or reddish solitary papules, then progress to dome-shaped nodules with a smooth, shiny surface and an umbilicated center with a keratin plug.

Question 262

Keratoacanthomas: Where do they occur? (And not occur?)

Answer 262

The face, neck, and dorsal aspect of the arms are affected most commonly; lesions on the trunk are rare

Question 263

``` A 59-year-old man is undergoing follow-up evaluation one year after excision of a recurrent basal cell carcinoma involving the skin of the cheek. Current examination shows a slight bulge at the site of excision that is firm to palpation and is covered by a well-healed scar. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management? (A) Observation (B) Antibiotic therapy (C) Massage therapy (D) Incision and drainage (E) Incisional biopsy ```

Answer 263

(E) Incisional biopsy Because of the risk for recurrence, any patient who has had a basal cell carcinoma (and especially those with recurrent carcinomas) should undergo frequent follow-up examinations. A biopsy should be performed if a new abnormality is detected at the site of previous excision; therefore, this patient who has a firm bulge on the cheek at the site of a previously excised basal cell carcinoma should initially undergo incisional biopsy.

Question 264

Recurrence rate following initial treatment of basal cell carcinoma smaller than 2 cm

Answer 264

10%

Question 265

Recurrence rate following treatment of recurrent basal cell carcinoma smaller than 2 cm

Answer 265

25%

Question 266

Which locations have higher likelihood of basal cell carcinoma recurrence?

Answer 266

Recurrence rate is highest for tumors of the periorbital, periauricular, and perinasal regions.

Question 267

Which type of basal cell carcinoma is most prone to recurrence?

Answer 267

Morpheaform basal cell carcinoma, which is characterized by indistinct margins, is also prone to recurrence.

Question 268

A fluid collection may be associated with the ____________ variety of basal cell carcinoma.

Answer 268

A fluid collection may be associated with the adenoid cystic variety of basal cell carcinoma.

Question 269

``` Which of the following lesions has been shown to result from sun exposure? (A) Dermatofibroma (B) Ephelides (C) Lentigines (D) Seborrheic keratoses (E) Xanthelasma ```

Answer 269

(C) Lentigines Lentigines are benign pigmented macules that result from increased activity of epidermal melanocytes; these lesions do not fade in the absence of sun exposure. The two primary types of lentigines are simple, which can occur in any area and usually develop during childhood, and solar, also known as senile, which occur in sun-exposed areas such as the face, dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms, and upper trunk.

Question 270

Lentigines

Answer 270

Lentigines are benign pigmented macules that result from increased activity of epidermal melanocytes; these lesions do not fade in the absence of sun exposure.

Question 271

Types of lentigines

Answer 271

1. Simple, which can occur in any area and usually develop during childhood 2. Solar, also known as senile, which occur in sun-exposed areas such as the face, dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms, and upper trunk.

Question 272

Dermatofibromas:

Answer 272

Dermatofibromas are common benign, fibrous, papular lesions smaller than 1 cm that develop on the trunk and upper or lower extremities in early and middle adulthood.

Question 273

Dermatofibromas: gener predilection

Answer 273

Women > men

Question 274

Dermatofibromas: Histology

Answer 274

Histologic examination of a biopsy specimen of a dermatofibroma will show localized proliferations of fibrohistiocytes within the dermis.

Question 275

Where do dermatofibromas occur?

Answer 275

Trunk and upper or lower extremities

Question 276

When do dermatofibromas occur?

Answer 276

Early and middle adulthood.

Question 277

Ephelides

Answer 277

Ephelides are common pigmented freckles that are not related to sun exposure.

Question 278

Ephelides on a cellular level

Answer 278

They contain a normal quantity of melanocytes, but the amount of melanin within the epidermal cells is increased.

Question 279

Xanthelasma

Answer 279

Xanthelasma have a disorder of lipid metabolism.

Question 280

___% of patients with

Answer 280

30% of patients with xanthelasma have a disorder of lipid metabolism.

Question 281

``` A 45-year-old man has had a painful lesion on the left ear for the past six months. The patient says that he typically sleeps on his left side. Physical examination shows a nodule on the antitragus. Histologic examination of a shave biopsy specimen shows no evidence of malignancy. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? (A) Acrochordon (B) Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis (C) Dermatofibroma (D) Sebaceous hyperplasia (E) Xanthelasma ```

Answer 281

(B) Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis The most likely diagnosis is chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis, also known as chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis, a benign lesion of the ear that usually occurs in men older than age 40 years. This is a painful erythematous nodule that typically involves the helix or antihelix and often occurs on the side that the patient prefers to sleep. Althoughintralesional injection of corticosteroids may be curative, shave excision or direct excision is usually required to exclude the possibility of cutaneous malignancy.

Question 282

In what patient population does chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis occur?

Answer 282

Men older than 40 years

Question 283

Acrochordons

Answer 283

Acrochordons are simple skin tags that occur more frequently with age.

Question 284

Sebaceous hyperplasia

Answer 284

Patients with sebaceous hyperplasia have small, yellowish lesions that usually occur on or around the face.

Question 285

In a 70-year-old man with rhinophyma, which of the following is the most appropriate management? (A) Oral administration of isotretinoin (B) Topical administration of 5-fluorouracil (C) Tangential excision and healing by second intention (D) Staged excision and coverage with a full-thickness skin graft (E) Excision and coverage with a forehead flap

Answer 285

(C) Tangential excision and healing by second intention In this 70-year-old man who has rhinophyma, the most appropriate management is tangential excision of the affected skin, followed by healing by second intention. Rhinophyma, or sebaceous hyperplasia of the nasal skin, is a sequela of acne rosacea that typically occurs in men older than 60 years. It has not been linked to alcohol abuse. The skin lesions are not considered premalignant, and occult basal cell carcinoma is rarely associated. Tangential excision by shaving, dermabrasion, or laser therapy is recommended for management of rhinophyma; the wound will heal by second intention. Skin grafting or flap closure would be unnecessary because the dermal appendages are preserved following tangential excision.

Question 286

Rhinophyma on a cellular/tissue level

Answer 286

Rhinophyma is sebaceous hyperplasia of the nasal skin.

Question 287

Rhinophyma is a sequelae of:

Answer 287

is a sequela of acne rosacea that

Question 288

In what patient population does rhinophyma usually occur?

Answer 288

Typically occurs in men older than 60 years

Question 289

After surgical removal, how are rhinophyma lesions allowed to heal?

Answer 289

Tangential excision by shaving, dermabrasion, or laser therapy is recommended for management of rhinophyma; the wound will heal by second intention.

Question 290

Dermal appendages after surgical management of rhinophyma

Answer 290

The dermal appendages are preserved following tangential excision.

Question 291

A 65-year-old man undergoes surgical excision of a morpheaform basal cell carcinoma with a diameter of 1.5 cm from the right cheek. Pathologic examination of tissue obtained from the lesion shows one positive margin. Which of the following is the mostappropriate management? (A) Observation (B) Topical application of 5-fluorouracil (C) Radiation therapy (D) Cryosurgery of the involved margin (E) Repeat excision

Answer 291

(E) Repeat excision Because untreated positive margins have been shown to result in clinical recurrence in 16% to 42% of patients, the involved margins should be immediately re-excised under frozen section or Mohs' micrographic chemosurgery. Morpheaform basal cell carcinoma is an aggressive subtype with indistinct margins. As a result, it may be difficult for patients to observe changes in the affected area, and rapid growth may result in compromise of vital structures.

Question 292

``` A patient with which of the following disorders is a candidate for surgical rejuvenation of the aging face? (A) Cutis laxa (B) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (C) Elastoderma (D) Progeria (E) Werner's syndrome ```

Answer 292

(A) Cutis laxa Cutis laxa is a disorder in which patients have a defect of elastic tissues, more specifically a nonfunctioning elastase inhibitor or degenerative elastic fibers, resulting in the appearance of coarsely textured, drooping skin over the entire body. The condition is often diagnosed during the neonatal period or in early childhood; associated conditions include congenital heart disease, emphysema, and pneumothorax. Affected patients are prone to developing aneurysms and hernias. Although the effects of cutis laxa slowly worsen over time, there are no inherent difficulties with wound healing, and patients may consider periodic surgical procedures to correct skin laxity

Question 293

Cutis laxa

Answer 293

Cutis laxa is a disorder in which patients have a defect of elastic tissues, more specifically a nonfunctioning elastase inhibitor or degenerative elastic fibers

Question 294

Clinical presentation of cutis laxa

Answer 294

Coarsely textured, drooping skin over the entire body.

Question 295

Conditions associated with cutis laxa

Answer 295

Associated conditions include congenital heart disease, emphysema, and pneumothorax.

Question 296

Patients with cutis laxa are prone to developing:

Answer 296

Affected patients are prone to developing aneurysms and hernias.

Question 297

Natural course of cutis laxa

Answer 297

Although the effects of cutis laxa slowly worsen over time

Question 298

Wound healing with cutis laxa

Answer 298

There are no inherent difficulties with wound healing, and patients may consider periodic surgical procedures to correct skin laxity

Question 299

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a disorder of:

Answer 299

Disorder of collagen cross-linking,

Question 300

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: elective surgery

Answer 300

Because wound healing is poor, elective surgical procedures should not be performed.

Question 301

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: clinical presentation

Answer 301

Patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome have fragile hyperelasticity of the skin, joint hypermobility, and aortic aneurysms.

Question 302

Elastoderma

Answer 302

Elastoderma is a disorder of unknown cause characterized by pendulous skin laxity initially involving the trunk and extremities that progresses to encompass the entire body.

Question 303

Elastoderma: Appropriateness of elective procedures

Answer 303

Elective surgery is contraindicated because wound-healing mechanisms are unknown.

Question 304

Progeria

Answer 304

Progeria, which is a disorder of childhood, involves laxity and irregular contouring of the skin and is associated with rapid progression and a shortened lifespan.

Question 305

Werner's syndrome: Cutaneous features

Answer 305

Cutaneous features of Werner's syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder, include induration, plaques, variable pigmentation, and facial aging; alopecia, atherosclerosis, cataracts, and short stature are also associated.

Question 306

Werner's syndrome: Appropriateness of elective procedures

Answer 306

This disorder also has been linked to poor wound healing, and surgical procedures should not be performed to correct the prematurely aging face.

Question 307

In which cutaneous disorder are elective surgeries appropriate?

Answer 307

Cutis laxa

Question 308

Heredity of Werner's syndrome

Answer 308

Autosomal recessive

Question 309

``` Which of the following skin conditions is associated with a disorder of lipid metabolism? (A) Acrochordon s(B) Dermatofibroma (C) Keloid (D) Sebaceous hyperplasia (E) Xanthelasma ```

Answer 309

(E) Xanthelasma Approximately 50% of patients with xanthelasma palpebrarum have familial dyslipoproteinemia. Xanthelasma palpebrarum usually presents inthe fourth to fifth decade of life and is characterized by multiple soft yellow periorbital plaques that may coalesce. Findings can be unilateral or bilateral. The lesions should be surgically excised or ablated with liquid nitrogen, trichloroacetic acid,or a carbon dioxide laser; however, the rate of recurrence is high.

Question 310

Approximately ___% of patients with xanthelasma palpebrarum have familial dyslipoproteinemia.

Answer 310

Approximately 50% of patients with xanthelasma palpebrarum have familial dyslipoproteinemia.

Question 311

When does xanthelasma palpebrarum typically present?

Answer 311

Xanthelasma palpebrarum usually presents in the fourth to fifth decade of life

Question 312

Management of xanthelasma palpebrarum

Answer 312

The lesions should be surgically excised or ablated with liquid nitrogen, trichloroacetic acid,or a carbon dioxide laser; however, the rate of recurrence is high.

Question 313

``` Aesthetic surgical procedures can be performed in patients who have which of the following disorders of excess skin laxity? (A) Cutis laxa (B) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (C) Elastoderma (D) Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome (E) Werner's syndrome ```

Answer 313

(A) Cutis laxa Aesthetic surgical procedures can be performed in patients who have cutis laxa, a genetic disorder with variable expressivity that results from a nonfunctioning elastase inhibitor or premature degeneration of elastin fibers.

Question 314

Ehlers-Danlos is thought to result in a deficiency of:

Answer 314

Thought to result in a deficiency of the lysyl oxidase enzyme.

Question 315

Why is elective/cosmetic surgery contraindicated in patients with Ehlers-Dalos syndrome?

Answer 315

Wound healing is poor and subcutaneous hemorrhages are common

Question 316

Hutchinson-Gilford syndroms is also known as:

Answer 316

Progeria

Question 317

Why is aesthetic surgery in progeria contraindicated?

Answer 317

Aesthetic surgery is contraindicated because wound healing is poor; in addition, premature death is associated.

Question 318

A neonate has a 4 * 4-cm congenital defect of the scalp and underlying skull. The brain is visible beneath a gray membrane. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management? (A) Frequent application of silver sulfadiazine ointment (B) Wet-to-dry dressing changes twice daily (C) Biopsy of the wound margins (D) Tissue expansion and coverage with scalp flaps

Answer 318

(A) Frequent application of silver sulfadiazine ointment This neonate has cutis aplasia, or congenital absence of the layers of the skin and scalp that can also expand to include the skull. Conservative management is most appropriate; frequent application of silver sulfadiazine ointment and coverage with occlusive dressings will allow for wound healing. Some surgeons also advocate skin grafting over the exposed areas to prevent wound desiccation.Use of dry dressings can actually result in desiccation of the dura and rupture of the sagittal sinus, a fatal complication. In patients with cutis aplasia, the wound must be kept moist at all times.

Question 319

Cutis aplasia

Answer 319

Congenital absence of the layers of the skin and scalp, that can also expand to include the skull.

Question 320

Management of cutis aplasia

Answer 320

Conservative management is most appropriate; frequent application of silver sulfadiazine ointment and coverage with occlusive dressings will allow for wound healing. Some surgeons also advocate skin grafting over the exposed areas to prevent wound desiccation

Question 321

Dry dressings and cutis aplasia

Answer 321

Use of dry dressings can actually result in desiccation of the dura and rupture of the sagittal sinus, a fatal complication. In patients with cutis aplasia, the wound must be kept moist at all times.

Question 322

A 45-year-old man has a painful lesion in the left conchal bowl. A biopsy specimen of the lesion shows chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis. Which of the following is the most appropriate management? (A) Topical administration of retinoic acid (B) Administration of acyclovir (C) Administration of fluorouracil (D) Administration of interferon (E) Surgical excision of the lesion

Answer 322

(E) Surgical excision of the lesion Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: Because these lesions can become ulcerated, resulting in exposure of underlying cartilage, early surgical excision is recommended. Adjunctive removal of the underlying cartilage lessens the risk for recurrence, which is common at the borders of the resection. Intralesional injection of a corticosteroid has been helpful in some patients.

Question 323

Surgical excision of chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: in order to reduce chance of recurrence

Answer 323

Adjunctive removal of the underlying cartilage lessens the risk for recurrence, which is common at the borders of the resection.

Question 324

In a patient who has a halo nevus, which of the following is the primary indication for surgical excision? (A) Elimination of circulating antibodies (B) Premalignant potential (C) Prevention of leukoderma (D) Relief of pain (E) Resemblance to melanoma

Answer 324

(E) Resemblance to melanoma Halo nevi, so called because of the distinct "halo" area of depigmentation surrounding the benign nevus, are typically seen on the trunk in teenagers and young adults. Histologic examination will show nevus cells surrounded by a band-like infiltrate of lymphocytes that may completely obliterate the lesion. Halo nevi have no known premalignant potential; however, because melanomas can also develop an irregular, incomplete halo, excisional biopsy should be performed for any halo nevus that becomes enlarged, asymmetric, or ulcerated or displays other characteristics similar to melanoma. The depigmentation around the nevus, known as leukoderma, is typically not painful. Although circulating antibodies to melanoma have been found in patients with halo nevi, this discovery alone is not an indication for nevus excision.

Question 325

Halo nevus: Where do they develop?

Answer 325

The trunk

Question 326

Halo nevus: In which patients do they develop

Answer 326

Teenagers and young adults.

Question 327

Halo nevus: Histology

Answer 327

Histologic examination will show nevus cells surrounded by a band-like infiltrate of lymphocytes that may completely obliterate the lesion.

Question 328

Halo nevus: Premalignant potential

Answer 328

Halo nevi have no known premalignant potential

Question 329

Halo nevus: Reason for excision

Answer 329

Because melanomas can also develop an irregular, incomplete halo, excisional biopsy should be performed for any halo nevus that becomes enlarged, asymmetric, or ulcerated or displays other characteristics similar to melanoma.

Question 330

Halo nevus: leukoderma

Answer 330

The depigmentation around the nevus is known as leukoderma

Question 331

``` A 50-year-old man has a keratoacanthoma on the left arm. He underwent removal of skin tumors on three previous occasions. His brother and father have had similar findings; the father subsequently died of a malignant tumor. Which of the following is the most appropriate diagnostic test? A) Bone scan (B) Colonoscopy (C) CT scan of the chest (D) Panoramic radiograph (E) Plain radiographs of the long bones ```

Answer 331

(B) Colonoscopy This patient has findings consistent with Muir-Torre syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder that typically has its onset between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Multiple skin malignancies (eg, keratoacanthomas, basal and squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas) are characteristic. Because malignancies of the colon, kidneys, bladder, ovary, pancreas, and breast are also associated and may even be present prior to the appearance of skin lesions, diagnostic testing (such as colonoscopy) should be performed in any patient with multiple keratoacanthomas, especially in this patient who has a family history of similar findings. The other diagnostic tests listed above would not be effective in detecting malignancies associated with Muir-Torre syndrome.

Question 332

Muir-Torre syndrome: Heredity

Answer 332

Autosomal dominant

Question 333

Muir-Torre syndrome: Age of onset

Answer 333

Onset between the ages of 50 and 70 years.

Question 334

Muir-Torre syndrome: Skin manifestations

Answer 334

Multiple skin malignancies (eg, keratoacanthomas, basal and squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas) are characteristic.

Question 335

Muir-Torre syndrome: Associated conditions

Answer 335

Because malignancies of the colon, kidneys, bladder, ovary, pancreas, and breast are also associated and may even be present prior to the appearance of skin lesions, diagnostic testing (such as colonoscopy) should be performed in any patient with multiple keratoacanthomas

Question 336

A 54-year-old woman undergoes excisional biopsy of a 6-mm papule from the right alar crease followed by direct closure of the wound. Histologic examination of a biopsy specimen of the lesion shows sclerosing basal cell carcinoma with positive deep margins. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? (A) Observation and follow-up examination every two months (B) Postoperative radiation therapy (C) Reexcision with 5-mm margins and immediate reconstruction (D) Reexcision with 1-cm margins and immediate reconstruction (E) Mohs' micrographic surgery and immediate reconstruction

Answer 336

(E) Mohs' micrographic surgery and immediate reconstruction Mohs' micrographic surgery is recommended to excise this high-risk carcinoma and provide tissue for immediate horizontal frozen section analysis. This technique is associated with a high cure rate in patients with recurrent or large tumors, poorly differentiated or aggressive histologic-type lesions, and tumors with positive margins and/or perineural invasion. Standard frozen section analysis may also be considered in this patient.Although observation has been advocated in the past for the less aggressive variants of basal cell carcinoma (ie, not sclerosing and morpheaform variants), excision is now advocated because the recurrence rate has been shown to be high.

Question 337

Basal cell carcinoma of which areas is associated with increased chance of recurrence?

Answer 337

The "H" zone of the face (defined as the upper lip, nose, periocular regions, and temporal and preauricular areas)

Question 338

``` Which of the following lesions is most likely to contain malignant cells? (A) Acrochordons (B) Cutaneous horn (C) Dermatofibroma (D) Molluscum contagiosum (E) Seborrheic keratosis ```

Answer 338

(B) Cutaneous horn Cutaneous horns are most likely to contain malignant cells. These hard, cone-shaped cutaneous projections are typically caused by excessive epidermal growth and retention of keratin. Although cutaneous horns are most frequently associated with benign irregularities, approximately 20% are associated with premalignant lesions, and nearly 15% are associated with squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, in patients with cutaneous horns, shave biopsy should be performed initially to exclude any underlying malignancy.

Question 339

Cutaneous horns can be associated with:

Answer 339

Premalignant lesions and squamous cell carcinoma

Question 340

Cutaneous horns

Answer 340

These hard, cone-shaped cutaneous projections are typically caused by excessive epidermal growth and retention of keratin.

Question 341

Cutaneous horns: % associated with premalignant lesions

Answer 341

Approximately 20% are associated with premalignant lesions

Question 342

Cutaneous horns: % associated with squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 342

Nearly 15% are associated with squamous cell carcinoma.

Question 343

``` In children, Spitz nevi are most frequently found at which of the following sites? (A) Head and neck (B) Upper extremities (C) Trunk (D) Genitalia (E) Lower extremities ```

Answer 343

(A) Head and neck The Spitz nevus was first described in 1948 when one researcher found that several children who had been previously diagnosed with melanoma were still alive at follow-up examinations as long as 13 years later. As a result, these lesions became known as benign melanomas.

Question 344

Molluscum contagiosum

Answer 344

Molluscum contagiosum are virally induced papules commonly seen in children and young adults and may be associated with sexual transmission.

Question 345

History of the discovery of Spitz nevus

Answer 345

The Spitz nevus was first described in 1948 when one researcher found that several children who had been previously diagnosed with melanoma were still alive at follow-up examinations as long as 13 years later. As a result, these lesions became known as benign melanomas.

Question 346

``` Administration of which of the following reverses the potential for development of premalignant lesions? (A) Oxybenzone (B) Padimate (C) Para-aminobenzoic acid (D) Retinoids (E) Zinc oxide ```

Answer 346

(D) Retinoids Retinoids, which are natural derivatives of vitamin A, have been shown to reverse the formation and growth of actinic keratoses. Because approximately 5% of these lesions will undergo transformation into nonmelanotic malignancies, topical application of retinoids is recommended to reverse cutaneous actinic damage, resulting in a return to normal skin in the affected areas

Question 347

Which of the following is most characteristic of an amateur tattoo? (A) Irregular penetration of the dye in the superficial dermis (B) Large pigment particles (50 _m) (C) Organometallic pigments (D) Penetration of the dye confined to the epidermis (E) Uniform penetration of the dye in the deep dermis

Answer 347

(A) Irregular penetration of the dye in the superficial dermis Amateur tattoos are most frequently characterized by irregular penetration of the ink within the superficial dermis. This type of tattoo is popular because it is inexpensive and easily created using ink and a needle. Blue and black dyes are generally used. Pigment particles within the tattoo are small, typically 5 _m or less.Professional tattoos are more likely to have brightly colored dyes and large pigment granules (greater than 50 _m). There is a consistently uniform depth of penetration within the deep dermis.

Question 348

Amateur tattoos are most frequently characterized by

Answer 348

- Irregular penetration of the ink within the superficial dermis. - Blue and black dyes are generally used - Small pigment particles, typically 5 um or less

Question 349

Professional tattoos are most frequently characterized by

Answer 349

- Brightly colored dyes | - Large pigment granules (greater than 50 um). - - Uniform depth of penetration within the deep dermis.

Question 350

``` A 73-year-old farmer with severely sun-damaged skin has 15 scaly lesions smaller than 1 cm on the face. He reports that the lesions have progressively increased in size and number over the past six months. Which of the following is the most appropriate management? (A) Phenol peeling (B) Cryosurgery (C) Topical 5-fluorouracil therapy (D) Topical tretinoin therapy (E) Surgical excision ```

Answer 350

(C) Topical 5-fluorouracil therapy This patient has findings consistent with multiple actinic keratoses, or rough, scaly, discrete lesions of the epidermis that are premalignant precursors of squamous cell carcinoma. If the lesions are few and/or isolated, appropriate management can consist of cryosurgery, curettage, or surgical excision. However, these therapies are impractical in patients who have numerous, diffuse nevi on the face or upper extremities. Therefore, in patients such as this one, topical treatment with 5-fluorouracil for three weeks will effectively remove the keratoses. Any remaining lesions should then be excised surgically due to the patient's risk for development of invasive carcinoma.

Question 351

``` Which of the following lesions is associated with trigeminal nerve distribution? (A) Blue nevus (B) Ephelis (C) Nevus of Ito (D) Nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn (E) Nevus of Ota ```

Answer 351

(E) Nevus of Ota Bluish gray facial lesion that occurs along the distribution of the ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve (V1 and V2) and predominantly involves the periorbital region. The cornea, nasal mucosa, and oral pharynx are rarely involved.

Question 352

Nevus of Ota: By what age are they present?

Answer 352

60% are present at birth or develop by age 10 years

Question 353

Nevus of Ota: Gender predilection

Answer 353

80% see in females

Question 354

___% of the time, Nevus of Ota is bilateral

Answer 354

5%

Question 355

``` Sebaceous carcinoma most frequently affects which of the following anatomic sites? (A) Eyelid (B) Finger (C) Nose (D) Tongue (E) Trunk ```

Answer 355

(A) Eyelid Sebaceous carcinoma arises fromthe adnexal epithelium of the sebaceous glands. It can be divided into two subtypes; the ocular subtype, which is most common, typically arises from the meibomian gland of the eyelid. This is a more aggressive carcinoma, frequently resulting in metastasis. In contrast, extraocular lesions are common to hair-bearing areas, and metastases are infrequent.

Question 356

Types of sebaceous carcinoma

Answer 356

Ocular and extraoccular

Question 357

Which type of sebaceous carcinoma is more aggressive?

Answer 357

Ocular - frequently metastasizes

Question 358

``` A patient who wishes to undergo cosmetic surgery for correction of skin hyperextensibility has an inherited disorder of collagen polymerization that results in laxity of the joints and poor wound healing. These findings are most consistent with (A) cutis laxa (B) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (C) progeria (D) pseudoxanthoma elasticum (E) Werner's syndrome ```

Answer 358

(B) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome This patient has Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, or cutis hyperelastica, an inherited disorder of abnormal molecular collagen cross-linking characterized by hyperextensibility of the skin and laxity of the joints. Cosmetic surgery is contraindicated in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndromebecause wound healing is poor.

Question 359

Mechanisms of action of pseudoxanthoma elasticum

Answer 359

The mechanisms of action of pseudoxanthoma elasticum, an inherited disorder of premature skin laxity, include increased degradation of collagen and deposition of calcium within the elastic fibers.

Question 360

Healing in pseudoxanthoma elasticum

Answer 360

Rhytidectomy should be considered because healing is normal.

Question 361

``` Patients with erythroplasia of Queyrat have squamous cell carcinoma affecting which of the following sites? (A) Arm (B) Ear (C) Nose (D) Penis (E) Scalp ```

Answer 361

(D) Penis Erythroplasia of Queyrat is an irregular, erythematous patch of full-blown squamous cell carcinoma or carcinoma in situ that affects the penis. It is a feature of the condition known as Bowen's disease, which is characterized by widespread erythematous, brown, scaly patches. These lesions are composed of squamous cells that can completely replace normal dermis at the affected sites. Because approximately 15% of Bowen'sdisease lesions progress to become invasive squamous cell carcinoma, surgical excision of an erythroplasia of Queyrat is recommended.

Question 362

Management of Erythroplasia of Queryat

Answer 362

Because approximately 15% of Bowen'sdisease lesions progress to become invasive squamous cell carcinoma, surgical excision of an erythroplasia of Queyrat is recommended

Question 363

Erythroplasia of Queyrat: clinical presentation

Answer 363

Erythroplasia of Queyrat is an irregular, erythematous patch of full-blown squamous cell carcinoma or carcinoma in situ that affects the penis.

Question 364

``` A 59-year-old man has a 1.5-cm lesion over the fourth extensor compartment. A morpheaform basal cell carcinoma was excised at the site of the lesion seven years ago. There is no extensor adherence or adenopathy. Which of the following is the most appropriate management of this lesion? (A) Observation (B) Marginal excision (C) Mohs' micrographic resection (D) Wide local excision (E) Radical resection ```

Answer 364

(C) Mohs' micrographic resection This patient has a recurrence of basal cell carcinoma, a common, slow growing, nonmelanotic skin tumor that often goes unnoticed and undiagnosed. Basal cell carcinoma is six to 18 times more common than squamous cell carcinoma; sun exposure is directly associated with the development of this type of tumor. For most basal cell carcinomas (excluding sclerosing and morpheaform variants), there is a 95% cure rate when the tumor is resected with a margin of 4 mm or smaller. In contrast, aggressive lesions and recurrent tumors are best treated with wide resection with margins greater than 5 mm or controlled resection using Mohs' micrographic technique. However, Mohs' surgery will render more exact margins and is thus preferred over wide resection alone, even if the wide margins are examined by frozen section.

Question 365

``` An otherwise healthy 65-year-old man comes to the clinic because of a 3-cm ulcerated lesion of the scalp. There are no palpable regional lymph nodes. Chest x-ray study shows no abnormalities. A punch biopsy is performed and a diagnosis of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is made. Wide local excision of the lesion is planned. Which of the following is the recommended minimum surgical margin in this patient? A) 1 mm B) 2 mm C) 4 mm D) 6 mm E) 12 mm ```

Answer 365

D) 6 mm The most appropriate surgical margin recommended for the clinical scenario described is 6 to 10 mm. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin cancer after basal cell carcinomas. They are broadly categorized into low- and high-risk lesions depending on size, location, depth of invasion, recurrence, and patient factors such as immunosuppression. A 4-mm margin of healthy tissue is recommended for lower-risk lesions. This category includes well-differentiated tumors smaller than 2 cm in diameter that do not occur on the scalp, ears, eyelids, lips, or nose, and do not involve subcutaneous fat. Therefore, simple excision is most valuable in the treatment of small primary squamous cell carcinomas on the trunk, extremities, or neck, where tissue sparing is less essential. The recurrence rate after the excision of low-risk lesions ranges from 5 to 8%. A 6-mm margin of healthy tissue is recommended for lesions that are larger than 2 cm, invasive to fat, or in high-risk locations (i.e., central face, ears, scalp, genitalia, hands, feet). Given the cosmetic and functional impact of these wider margins, tumors in this latter category are often removed via Mohs micrographic surgery to achieve high cure rates while sparing healthy tissue. The depth of an excision should always include a portion of the subcutaneous fat. Cure rates following simple excision of well-defined T1 lesions may be as high as 95 to 99%. The generally accepted 5-year cure rate for primary tumors treated with standard excision is 92%; this rate drops to 77% for recurrent cSCC. No large randomized studies have addressed the issue of appropriate margin size in cSCC, as has been done for melanoma. The recommendations for margin size should be taken only as rough guidelines, with the understanding that large, aggressive lesions frequently have substantial extension beyond the apparent superficial boundary. Therefore, a surgeon’s experience and judgment when planning surgical margins is paramount to the successful treatment of cSCC.

Question 366

``` A 24-year-old woman is evaluated because of a slow-growing subcutaneous mass of the scalp. An excisional biopsy is performed, and pathologic examination shows keratin and its breakdown products. Which of the following is the most likely origin of this lesion? A) Adipocyte B) Capillary C) Hair follicle D) Mechanoreceptor E) Sebaceous gland ```

Answer 366

C) Hair follicle Pilar cysts, also known as trichilemmal cysts, originate from the outer root sheath of the hair shaft. They present as firm, slow-growing subcutaneous nodules, and may be difficult to differentiate clinically from epidermoid cysts. They are commonly found on the scalp where they are the most common cutaneous cyst. They are lined by stratified squamous epithelium, which undergoes keratinization. In some cases, these lesions can demonstrate aggressive biologic behavior (proliferating trichilemmal tumors, malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumors), in which case they should be completely excised. Lesions that originate from adipocytes include lipomas and angiolipomas. Lesions of vascular origin include cherry angiomas and pyogenic granulomas.

Question 367

``` A 45-year-old woman is evaluated because of a 1-year history of skin abnormalities. Physical examination shows areas of thickened skin involving the forearms and hands. Telangiectasias are seen on the face and oral cavity. A review of systems discloses symptoms of heartburn and dysphagia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A) Amyloidosis B) Dermatomyositis C) Hypothyroidism D) Scleroderma E) Systemic lupus erythematosus ```

Answer 367

D) Scleroderma The scleroderma spectrum of disorders includes localized scleroderma and systemic sclerosis, both of which are characterized by thickened sclerotic skin. Localized scleroderma involves only the skin, whereas systemic sclerosis is associated with extracutaneous involvement and is subcategorized into limited and diffuse forms. Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis is restricted to the hands, distal forearm, face, and neck. Limited scleroderma is sometimes referred to as CREST syndrome, which is an acronym for the following features: calcinosis, Raynaud syndrome, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis includes truncal involvement (chest, abdomen, upper arms, shoulders). In most patients with systemic sclerosis, there is gastrointestinal involvement. Symptoms are present in more than half of patients and most commonly are related to gastroesophageal reflux disease, resulting in symptoms such as heartburn and dysphagia. Other findings in systemic sclerosis include: diarrhea, mucocutaneous telangiectasia of the face/lips/oral cavity/hands, dyspnea on exertion/interstitial pulmonary disease, and digital infarctions/pitting. Amyloid infiltration of the skin may produce thickening and stiffness. Telangiectasias are not a feature of amyloidosis. Gastrointestinal involvement with amyloid typically does not cause esophageal reflux or heartburn. Dermatomyositis is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy characterized by skin and muscle abnormalities. Cutaneous involvement manifests in the form of distinct rashes, such as of the upper eyelids (heliotrope rash), hands (Gottron sign), and chest and shoulders (shawl sign). However, thickened skin of the trunk and limbs, and telangiectasias are not features of dermatomyositis. Hypothyroidism can result in cutaneous and dermal edema (myxedema). Other findings include fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, constipation, dry skin, myalgia, and menstrual irregularities. It is not associated with telangiectasias. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, nervous system, serous membranes, and/or other organs of the body. Mucocutaneous changes include butterfly rash, erythematous plaques (discoid lesions), and ulcers. SLE is not associated with telangiectasias.

Question 368

A 55-year-old woman comes to the office because of a 3-year history of a raised, dark brown lesion on her back. The lesion is not painful and does not bleed. A photograph is shown. An excisional biopsy is performed. Pathologic examination shows proliferation of cells from the basal layer of the epidermis with cystic inclusions. The lesion exhibits hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and papillomatosis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ``` A) Basal cell carcinoma B) Malignant melanoma C) Nevus sebaceous D) Seborrheic keratosis E) Verrucous carcinoma ```

Answer 368

D) Seborrheic keratosis The lesion is a seborrheic keratosis, also known as verruca senilis or pigmented papilloma. Seborrheic keratoses are common benign lesions that may begin to appear during the fifth decade of life. They arise from the basal layer of the epidermis and are composed of well-differentiated basal cells. They often contain cystic “inclusions” of keratinous material called “horn cysts.” Lesions exhibit hyperkeratosis (thickening of the stratum corneum), acanthosis (diffuse epidermal hyperplasia and thickening of the skin), and papillomatosis (skin surface elevation). The growth and depth of pigmentation vary directly with exposure to sunlight. If left untreated, they will enlarge gradually and increase in thickness. Seborrheic keratoses typically do not involute spontaneously. They may appear on the head, neck, and trunk after age 50 years and are often distinctly marked and have a waxy, stuck-on appearance. The surface is soft and oily to the touch. Sizes can range from 1 mm to 5 cm. No treatment is necessary, but these lesions are cosmetically unappealing, and for that reason alone, patients may request to have them removed. It is extremely rare for cutaneous malignancies to develop within seborrheic keratoses. A verrucous carcinoma is a variant of squamous cell carcinoma. As such, it requires wide local excision with negative margins for treatment. Nevus sebaceous (Jadassohn nevus) may be described as cerebriform, nodular, or verrucous. It is hairless and can appear on the scalp, face, or neck. When present at birth, it persists throughout life and tends to become more verrucous and nodular during the growth phase associated with puberty. Over time, these lesions are associated with a risk of basal cell carcinoma, which occurs in approximately 15 to 20%. Keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinoma may also develop, although with much less frequency than basal cell carcinoma. Because of the risk of malignant transformation, complete excision is generally recommended. Melanoma results from malignant transformation of the melanocyte; the pigment-producing cell of the body can occur anywhere melanocytes are present, including skin, eye, and the mucous membranes of the upper digestive tract, sinuses, anus, and vagina. The incidence of cutaneous melanoma in the United States has increased steadily over the past 50 years and is now 15 per 100,000. Worldwide, the incidence of melanoma is generally reflective of variation in genetic, phenotypic, and ultraviolet (UV) exposure risk factors. Major risk factors include exposure to UV radiation and genetic predisposition. The exposure risk primarily involves intermittent, damaging exposure to the sun such that history of a severe sunburn (blistering or pain for more than 2 days), even in youth, confers an approximately twofold increase in risk. Patients who have fair skin, blue eyes, red hair, and are prone to freckling are at increased risk for melanoma. Mutations in two genes are associated with hereditary melanoma predisposition.

Question 369

A 60-year-old woman comes to the office for evaluation of a firm, violaceous, 3-cm lesion of the left cheek. An incisional biopsy shows a Merkel cell tumor. The residual margins are positive. Which of the following is the most appropriate management? A) Chemotherapy B) Laser ablation C) Mohs micrographic surgery D) Radiation therapy and chemotherapy E) Wide local excision and radiation therapy

Answer 369

E) Wide local excision and radiation therapy Merkel cell tumor is an unusual and highly aggressive skin cancer. More than 50% of Merkel cell tumors occur in the head and neck region. Risk factors for Merkel cell tumors are exposure to sun and ultraviolet light, and immunosuppression. There is a recent association with Merkel cell polyomavirus. Merkel cell generally presents as a firm, painless nodule (up to 2 cm in diameter) or as a mass (>2 cm in diameter). Although classically described as red in color, it may be flesh-colored or blue. It often enlarges rapidly. The standard of management is surgical excision combined with radiation therapy. Radiation therapy decreases local recurrence rates. Node-negative patients with no distant metastasis treated with surgery and radiation have 5-year survival rates of approximately 90%. Mohs micrographic surgery and wide local excision are both accepted modalities of surgical resection. It is well known that surgery alone is insufficient to cure or control Merkel cell tumors. Consideration should be given to evaluation of the lymph nodes. Sentinel node biopsy is a common modality.

Question 370

``` A 14-year-old girl with Fitzpatrick Type V skin comes to the office for evaluation of a nevus on the right side of the face. Physical examination shows a macular, bluish grey, irregular area of hyperpigmentation involving the right infrapalpebral region, nasolabial fold, and zygomatic region. Pigmentation of the right sclera is noted. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this lesion? A) Camouflage therapy B) Cryotherapy C) Dermabrasion D) Mohs micrographic excision E) Q-switched ruby laser ```

Answer 370

E) Q-switched ruby laser This patient has the acquired form of nevus of Ota, also known as nevus fuscoceruleus ophthalmomaxillaris or oculodermal melanocytosis, a dermal melanocytic hamartoma that demonstrates bluish hyperpigmentation along the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The failure of complete embryonic migration of melanocytes from the neural crest to the epidermis results in dermal nesting with the resultant dermal melanin causing the Tyndall effect. This disorder primarily affects darker-pigmented individuals and is more prevalent in females. It has a bimodal age incidence, with a peak at 1 year of age and a second around puberty. The lesion tends to become increasingly prominent with age, puberty, and postmenopausal state. Most patients have no family history. Ophthalmologic examination is recommended because of a reported 10% association with ipsilateral glaucoma. Malignant degeneration to melanoma occurs in approximately 4% of reported cases and is more frequent in lighter-skinned individuals. Diagnosis is mainly clinical with confirmatory biopsy indicated when the diagnosis is uncertain or in rapidly expanding or nodular lesions suggestive of malignancy. The most effective treatment option is laser therapy, particularly with a Q-switched laser with ruby (694 nm), alexandrite (755 nm), or neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (1064 nm). The wavelength, pulse duration, and energy densities inherent in the Q-switched laser provide the desired parameters for melanin photothermolysis. Dyspigmentation is a possible complication, although it is mostly transient. Before the advent of laser therapy, treatment options were suboptimal. Makeup or camouflage therapy offered only temporary improvement. Dermabrasion followed by cryotherapy had the potential for dermal scarring and atrophy and was ineffective for those lesions with deep dermal melanocytes. Surgical excision options were also associated with scarring. Mohs micrographic excision has not been described for excision of these lesions.

Question 371

``` An 87-year-old Caucasian man comes to the office with multiple 5- to 6-mm lesions on the forehead. He has a long history of sun exposure. Physical examination shows the lesions are erythematous, rough, and scaly. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment? A) Dexamethasone B) Docosanol C) Imiquimod D) Isotretinoin E) Observation with 1-month follow up ```

Answer 371

C) Imiquimod This patient’s lesions are most consistent with actinic keratoses. Actinic keratoses are most commonly seen in fair-skinned individuals in areas that have had long-term sun exposure. They are the most common skin lesions to demonstrate malignant potential and may progress to squamous cell carcinoma. Given the propensity of actinic keratoses to malignant transformation, treatment is generally recommended over observation. For multiple lesions, topical agents are generally effective and well tolerated. Imiquimod is thought to exert its effects by inducing a local immune response as well as apoptotic pathways. Other effective treatments include photodynamic therapy, cryotherapy, 5-fluorouracil, and diclofenac gel. Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid typically used for inflammatory or autoimmune skin conditions. Isotretinoin is used to treat cystic acne. Docosanol is an antiviral medication used for herpes simplex.

Question 372

A 55-year-old woman is evaluated for a biopsy-proven squamous cell carcinoma of the right preauricular area measuring 2.1 cm in diameter. She is otherwise healthy. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? A) Electrodessication of the lesion B) Excision of the lesion with frozen sections C) Excision with a 2-mm margin D) Excision with a 4-mm margin E) Topical application of 5% fluorouracil

Answer 372

B) Excision of the lesion with frozen sections Successful local treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin depends significantly on whether the tumors are at high or low risk for the complications of recurrence and metastasis. The external ear, lips, nose, and scalp appear to be high-risk locations for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Squamous cell carcinomas of the skin larger than 2 cm are twice as likely to recur locally and three times as likely to metastasize than tumors that are less than 2 cm in diameter. Frozen intraoperative examination of specimen edges can be used to judge thoroughness of excision before closure. Frozen sections of margins are recommended for high-risk squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma in high-risk areas, lesions more than 2 cm, and any morpheaform basal cell carcinoma. Electrodessication has excellent cure rates in small, low-risk squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Topical application of 5% fluorouracil has a role in the treatment of diffuse actinic keratoses of the face. Surgical excision is subdivided into excision with standard margins, excision with frozen-section margin evaluation, and Mohs micrographic surgery. For low-risk non-melanoma skin cancers extending into the dermis only, excision with standard margins (4 mm for basal cell carcinoma) is the usual treatment. Adequate margins of 4 mm for low-risk squamous cell carcinoma and 6 mm for high-risk squamous cell carcinoma have been demonstrated by direct tumor extension from the clinical margin but are not necessarily an estimate of cure rate. Squamous cell carcinomas are slower to invade deeper tissue than are cutaneous malignant melanomas.

Question 373

A 55-year-old woman with a BMI of 32 kg/m2 comes to the office with advanced hidradenitis suppurativa of the groin, lower abdomen, and upper thigh. Which of the following treatments is most likely to have the greatest likelihood of success in this patient? A) Antibiotics and excision B) Antibiotics and percutaneous drainage C) Clindamycin irrigation D) Intralesional injection of a corticosteroid E) Sclerotherapy

Answer 373

A) Antibiotics and excision Percutaneous drainage of hidradenitis suppurativa pustule and fistula tracts, although a plausible short-term fix to address the immediate symptoms, does little to ensure long-term resolution of this very difficult clinical entity with marked impact on quality of life. Addition of topical antibiotic washes or oral antibiotics to percutaneous drainage had no significant effect on long-term recurrence rates. Hidradenitis suppurativa is a recurrent inflammatory disease of the apocrine glands. It initially develops from follicular occlusion with subsequent abscess, inflammation, fistulas, sinus tracts, and scarring. The sites most commonly affected are the intertrigonal regions such as the axilla, groin, and genital/anal region; although, it can also affect the breasts, hips, and thighs. Women are affected three times as often as men. Initial treatment involves local wound care and antibiotic therapy. For advanced disease, this may be followed by excision of the area of high-density apocrine glands with minimal undermining and direct closure at the site of the hidradenitis wound. At the site of inadequate resection of an area of infected glands, or if there is a recurrence, radical resection yields the best long-term result. Skin grafting and fasciocutaneous and musculocutaneous flaps have been described to cover the excisional defect. The musculocutaneous flap has been reported to be a valid option for managing infected lesions because of the abundant blood supply. Delayed secondary wound closure, with or without vacuum-assisted closure or skin substitutes, has also shown plausible outcomes. Sclerotherapy has no role in treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa.

Question 374

``` A 54-year-old man comes to the office because of a lesion on his back that has enlarged gradually for the past 2 years. He says it occasionally expresses white material when he squeezes it. Physical examination shows a mobile, firm, 2 × 1.5-cm nodule with a central opening and white plug on the mid back. No tenderness is noted on palpation. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in management? A) Excision B) Incision and drainage C) Punch biopsy D) Wide local resection ```

Answer 374

A) Excision The patient described has an epidermal inclusion cyst or sebaceous cyst. Cysts can occur anywhere on the body, including the face, back, and chest. These cysts are benign and occur as a result of proliferation of epidermal cells within the dermis. They are usually well circumscribed by a cyst wall made of stratified squamous epithelium. They communicate with the surface through a small opening, which may contain a keratinous plug or blackhead. Epidermal inclusion cysts grow slowly and occasionally can become inflamed and infected. Manual squeezing of the cysts may produce white keratinous material, which is often foul-smelling. Treatment is excision of the cyst in its entirety with care to leave no epithelial remnants in the wound that could develop into a recurrent cyst. Wide local resection is performed for malignant skin lesions with appropriate negative margins that can be evaluated by frozen-section pathology.

Question 375

``` A 67-year-old Caucasian man comes to the office because of a 3-month history of a lesion on his forehead that he says has enlarged gradually and sometimes bleeds. Examination shows a nontender, soft, flat, purple lesion on the anterior hairline that is 4 cm in its largest dimension. Results of punch biopsy are consistent with angiosarcoma. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment? A) High-dose chemotherapy B) Radiation therapy C) Vascular embolization D) Wide local excision E) Observation Only ```

Answer 375

D) Wide local excision The patient has cutaneous angiosarcoma of the scalp that requires wide local excision with reconstruction. Angiosarcoma is a rare (2% of all soft-tissue sarcomas) but highly aggressive tumor that is most commonly found in the face and scalp in older Caucasian men. Fifty percent of all cutaneous angiosarcomas are found in the head and neck, and they are also commonly found in the breast and extremities, particularly in patients with a history of lymphedema or radiation therapy. It appears initially as a purple plaque which is often confused with a bruise or cellulitis, which can delay diagnosis. It is frequently multifocal, and local recurrences are common, so wide local excision is recommended, frequently combined with radiation therapy. Preoperative serial punch biopsies of the surrounding tissue can help in determining appropriate resection margins. The tumor can microscopically infiltrate normal tissues for some distance away from the obvious tumor, so wide local excision is necessary. Observation or embolization is not indicated for an aggressive cancer like angiosarcoma. Although radiation is frequently used postoperatively, its role as a neoadjuvant therapy is not well established. There is no current standard of care for chemotherapy in angiosarcoma patients, and most trials of chemotherapy have shown no survival benefit. There may be a role for taxanes in the treatment in metastatic angiosarcoma.

Question 376

``` A 39-year-old woman is evaluated because of a 6-month history of a growth on the face. A biopsy is planned. Which of the following findings on pathology can be safely treated with observation only in this patient? A) Cylindroma B) Eccrine poroma C) Nevus sebaceous D) Trichoepithelioma ```

Answer 376

D) Trichoepithelioma Trichoepitheliomas are neoplasms of follicular differentiation. Trichoepithelioma usually presents as multiple, yellowish-pink, translucent papules distributed symmetrically on the cheeks, eyelids, and nasolabial area. The lesions are more frequently seen in women. Lesions are benign but can be confused with basal cell carcinomas clinically and histologically. As they are benign, no further measures should be taken. However, in cases of desmoplastic trichoepithelioma, complete excision or Mohs surgery may be needed to clearly differentiate this entity from a carcinoma. Eccrine poroma occurs as a solitary lesion usually on the sole of the foot or the palm of the hand in persons older than 40 years. It may also occur on the chest, the neck, or other locations. Eccrine poromas are seen as firm papules less than 2 cm in size. Lesions may occasionally be pedunculated and have a normal or erythematous color and a firm consistency. In rare instances, malignant eccrine poroma or porocarcinoma develops either spontaneously or from long-standing benign eccrine poroma. Treatment is surgical excision. Verrucous nevus consists of closely set verrucous papules that may coalesce to form well-demarcated plaques. They may be skin colored, brown, or gray-brown. A linear configuration is common, especially for lesions on the limb. Such lesions may appear to follow skin tension lines. On histologic evaluation, there is hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and papillomatosis. The histologic appearance is essentially that of a benign papilloma. Excision is the most reliable treatment. This may not be practical or advisable if the lesion is extensive or at sites not amenable to simple surgery. The excision should extend to the deep dermis; otherwise, the lesion may recur. Alternative treatments have included laser cryotherapy and electrodesiccation dermabrasion. Cylindroma presents as either solitary or multiple lesions. Nodules may also be present on the face and rarely on the extremities. The lesion appears in adulthood. The surface is smooth and may be telangiectatic. Cylindromas are usually benign, but malignant changes have been reported. For solitary lesions, treatment is by excision or electrosurgery. For small cylindromas, the carbon dioxide laser may be used. Multiple cylindromas usually require extensive plastic surgery that may be obviated by progressively excising a group of nodules in multiple procedures. Nevus sebaceous is a distinctive growth most commonly found on the scalp, followed by the forehead and retroauricular region. A nevus of epithelial and nonepithelial skin components, nevus sebaceous sustains age-related modifications in morphologic appearance. The nevus occurs singly and is asymptomatic. Two thirds are present at birth; the remaining third develop in infancy or early childhood. Male and female infants are equally affected. The three-stage evolution of the nevoid condition (newborn, puberty, and adult) parallels the natural histologic differentiation of normal sebaceous glands. In approximately 20% of patients, a third phase of evolution involves the development of secondary neoplasia in the mass of the nevus. A number of benign and malignant “nevoid tumors” may occur, the most common of which is the basal cell epithelioma. The malignant degenerations are relatively low grade; only a few instances of metastasis have been reported. Surgical excision of a nevus sebaceous is recommended because of the high potential for development of basal cell carcinoma and other tumors. The lesion should preferably be excised before puberty because it may enlarge, and the risk of malignant transformation increases after puberty.

Question 377

A 47-year-old man comes to the office because of an asymptomatic lesion of the anterior abdominal wall that has been enlarging gradually for the past 10 years. The lesion has accelerated in growth during the past several months and recently ulcerated. Examination shows a 6-cm, raised, indurated, and irregularly shaped violaceous plaque consisting of firm, irregular nodules. Examination of a specimen obtained on incisional biopsy shows a soft-tissue malignancy arising from mesenchymal cells in the dermis. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment? A) Wide local incision and molecular targeted therapy B) Wide local excision and sentinel node biopsy C) Wide local excision, molecular targeted therapy, and radiation therapy D) Wide local excision only E) Wide local excision, sentinel node biopsy, and chemotherapy

Answer 377

D) Wide local excision only The diagnosis of the described lesion is dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP). It accounts for less than 0.1% of all malignant neoplasms and approximately 1% of all soft-tissue sarcomas, but is the most common type of cutaneous sarcoma. It is a malignant mesenchymal tumor that arises in the dermis and is characterized by latency in its initial detection, slow infiltrative growth, and local recurrence if not adequately treated. Distant metastasis is rare and generally occurs as a late sequela after repeated local recurrences. DFSP is most commonly found on the trunk followed by the proximal extremities, and rarely in the head and neck. These tumors have irregular shapes, frequent finger-like extensions, and an infiltrating growth pattern extending beyond clinical margins that result in incomplete removal and a propensity for local recurrence. Treatment primarily consists of wide surgical excision to include margins of 2 to 3 cm beyond the clinical tumor border if possible. Mohs micrographic surgery has been used with good outcomes in aesthetically sensitive areas such as the head and neck where tissue sparing is important. Reconstruction with tissue rearrangement or flaps should be performed after negative margins are confirmed. Most recurrences occur within 3 years of the primary excision, and close follow-up is indicated. Conventional chemotherapy is rarely used. Radiation therapy is used as an adjunct to surgery for close or positive margins in areas where adequate wide resection alone may result in major cosmetic or functional deficits. Molecular targeted therapy such as imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) is indicated for unresectable, recurrent, or metastatic DFSP. Sentinel node biopsy is not indicated in the treatment for DFSP.

Question 378

``` A 47-year-old man with hypertension and ulcerative colitis comes to the office because of a painful lesion of the right lower leg. He says that he dropped a typewriter on his leg 1 year ago and noticed a small wound that slowly began to grow larger despite treatment with bandages and topical antibacterial ointment. Examination of a specimen obtained on incisional biopsy shows neutrophilic dermatosis. Cultures grow Staphylococcus aureus. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A) Leishmaniasis B) Marjolin ulcer C) Necrotizing fasciitis D) Pyoderma gangrenosum E) Scleroderma ```

Answer 378

D) Pyoderma gangrenosum The patient has pyoderma gangrenosum, which is often associated with ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, or rheumatoid arthritis. The lesion may begin as a small erythematous plaque or have purplish discoloration, and it commonly occurs on the lower extremities after minor trauma. The lesions may rapidly become painful and appear as a necrotizing ulcer. The exact cause of pyoderma gangrenosum is not entirely understood. It is believed the disease is immune-related, such that initial treatments may be primarily medical, including systemic steroids or immunosuppression. Generally speaking, surgery is reserved as a last resort as it is believed that further surgery may exacerbate the condition. Furthermore, recurrent, ulcerative lesions after surgery are not uncommon. Marjolin ulcer is typically a squamous cell carcinoma arising from a long-standing wound, chronically inflamed tissue, or previous burn scar. The latency period may range from 5 to 30 years from the time of initial injury before developing into a Marjolin ulcer. Treatment generally involves radical resection, as Marjolin ulcers tend to be aggressive. Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by a protozoan parasite (Leishmania), which is typically transmitted by the bite of a sand fly. In the area of the bite, patients develop ulcerations of the skin. Diagnosis can be made by obtaining a history of an insect bite, a history of travel and exposure to where sand flies reside (Central America, South America, West Asia, or the Middle East), and by obtaining scrapings from the ulcers and looking for the organisms under the microscope. Scleroderma is a chronic autoimmune disease that is characterized by fibrosis of the skin. The underlying cause is not entirely understood. Patients may present with skin ulcers. Scleroderma may be categorized as systemic or limited. Patients with limited disease may present with Raynaud phenomenon as an early sign. The hands and fingers may be affected with distal tip ulceration and thin, taut skin over joints. Patients with systemic disease may have additional manifestations including gastrointestinal, pulmonary, renal, and cardiac fibrosis. Necrotizing fasciitis is a rapidly spreading soft-tissue infection involving the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It typically travels along fascial planes and can result in tissue necrosis, sepsis, and death. It can be mono- or polymicrobial, with typical offending pathogens including Group A Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium. Treatment includes high-dose intravenous antibiotic therapy and timely surgical debridement. Patients may require repeat debridement frequently in the early stages of treatment to limit progression of the disease.

Question 379

``` An otherwise healthy 17-year-old boy is brought to the office because of a 3-month history of a bleeding, 8 × 4-mm, red lesion of the left temple that has enlarged rapidly. A photograph is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A ) Congenital hemangioma B ) Infantile hemangioma C ) Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma D ) Pyogenic granuloma E ) Venous malformation ```

Answer 379

D ) Pyogenic granuloma The most likely diagnosis is pyogenic granuloma. Pyogenic granuloma usually appears in childhood as a rapidly growing, red lesion. Lesions are commonly small (less than 1 cm) and complicated by bleeding. Definitive treatment is excision. Congenital hemangioma is fully grown at birth. There are two types: rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH) and noninvoluting congenital hemangioma (NICH). RICH rapidly involutes postnatally and is usually fully regressed by age 12 months. Treatment is rarely necessary. NICH does not undergo involution; it remains the same size over the course of the patient’s lifetime. NICH is rarely problematic, but may be resected if it causes a significant deformity. Infantile hemangioma is usually noted 2 weeks after birth and enlarges rapidly over the first few months of life; bleeding is rare. By age 1 year, the tumor begins to regress. Problematic lesions are treated with intralesional corticosteroid, oral prednisolone, or resection. Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is usually present at birth and does not increase in size. It is often large, superficial, and diffuse. It typically involves the trunk and extremities. Patients commonly have Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (thrombocytopenia, bruising, bleeding). First-line treatment is vincristine. Venous malformation is a congenital lesion that is present at birth and enlarges slowly over time. It is typically blue, and bleeding is uncommon. Treatment involves either sclerotherapy or resection.

Question 380

A 56-year-old man comes to the office because of a lesion on the tip of his nose. He has a 10-year history of coronary artery disease, skin cancers, excisions of the face, and poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 30 years. Medications include 81 mg of aspirin daily. Physical examination shows a 1-cm nodule with irregular borders. Examination of a specimen obtained on biopsy shows morpheaform basal cell carcinoma. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? A ) Cryotherapy B ) External beam radiation therapy C ) Intralesional injection of 5-fluorouracil D ) Mohs micrographic surgery E ) Wide local excision

Answer 380

D ) Mohs micrographic surgery Morpheaform basal cell carcinoma is notorious for having "finger-like" extensions that are not always apparent on gross visual examination and can only be appreciated histologically. The morpheaform subtype of basal cell carcinomas tends to have a higher recurrence rate when simply excised. Mohs micrographic surgery is a technique that uses tangential excisions and frozen section pathology, which more accurately assess the margins of excision. Mohs micrographic surgery may also help minimize the extent of resection. Mohs micrographic surgery is particularly useful in morpheaform basal cell carcinoma, where obtaining negative surgical margins is critical to minimizing the risk of recurrence. Cryotherapy and external beam radiation therapy are recognized treatments for basal cell carcinomas only when surgical excision is not feasible. In the patient described with no absolute contraindications to surgery, surgical management would be considered the mainstay of therapy. 5-Fluorouracil is an antineoplastic agent and can be used topically for basal cell carcinomas when surgical therapy is not an option. Intralesional injection for this purpose is infrequently performed and would be considered an off-label use of the product. It has a low cure rate. Wide local excision in the area of the tip of the nose would be inappropriate because this would create a larger defect than may otherwise be required to obtain clear margins. Gross margins of 2 to 3 mm are generally sufficient for non–morpheaform-type basal cell carcinomas.

Question 381

``` A 2-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of lethargy, fever, and a reddish purple rash on his arms and legs. Temperature is 103.0°F (39.4°C). Physical examination shows a petechial rash on the upper and lower extremities and trunk. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are initiated. After 6 hours, the rash begins to hemorrhage and blister and his digits become ischemic. Which of the following is the most appropriate management? A ) Activated protein C B ) Amputation of the ischemic digits C ) Avoidance of inotropic support D ) Debridement of skin E ) Thrombolytics ```

Answer 381

A ) Activated protein C Purpura fulminans is a rapidly evolving autoimmune syndrome of septic shock and hemorrhagic bullae that can result in massive desquamation and is frequently fatal. Management includes prompt recognition of the infection (which is usually due to Neisseria meningitidis), initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotics, mechanical ventilation, and aggressive fluid resuscitation with inotropic support. Patients develop disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and appear to benefit from replacement of activated protein C. A recently published, multicenter retrospective review of 70 patients documented an amputation rate of 90% and suggested the need for early fasciotomy to improve limb salvage. It is very difficult to determine tissue viability during the resuscitation period; therefore, amputation, debridement, and coverage are delayed until demarcation has occurred. Thrombolytics are not used in this situation because the patient has a hemorrhagic disorder.

Question 382

``` A 75-year-old man has a biopsy-proven basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid that measures 5 mm in diameter. After a discussion about the patient's options of resection, he declines Mohs micrographic surgery. Which of the following is the smallest clinical margin beyond the edge of the tumor that will yield at least a 95% chance of cure? A ) 1 mm B ) 3 mm C ) 5 mm D ) 7 mm ```

Answer 382

B ) 3 mm Many studies have had various observations as to the least margin required to cure a basal cell carcinoma. Almost all are retrospective, and conclusions have ranged greatly. Most articles recommend a 4-mm margin. However, in aesthetically sensitive areas like the eyelid, knowing the minimum margin of resection is crucial. Of course, Mohs micrographic surgery is an alternative, but it is not always feasible because of cost, availability, and the difficulty in coordinating two physicians’ schedules. A recent meta-analysis of the literature concluded that for basal cell carcinomas 2 cm or less, a 3-mm margin is sufficient to achieve at least a 95% chance of cure. A surgical margin difference of 1 mm can mean the difference in flap requirements, aesthetic outcome, and in some cases, functionality of the affected area.