Skin, hair, and nails

Question 1

The three layers of skin (and components) are:

Answer 1

1. Epidermis
   
   1. ​Basal cell layer and horny cell
2. dermis
   
   1. Elastic tissue/ CT
3. Subcutaneous
   
   1. Fat/nerves

Question 2

What are these types of sweat glands:

1. Eccrine gland
2. Apocrine gland

Answer 2

Eccrine= Major sweat glands

Apocrine= Help form earwax and scents

Question 3

What subjective data do you collect for skin in health history?

Answer 3

1. Previous skin diseases
2. Major changes (moles, hair, color, nails)
3. Moisture
4. Excessive bruising
5. Rashes/lesions

Question 4

What objective data of the skin would you collect in a Physical exam?

Answer 4

1. Skin (inspect and palpate)
2. Color (color changes)
3. Temperature
4. Moisture

Question 5

During a physical, what are methods to check skin elasticity and normal fluid volume?

Answer 5

1. Check for edemas
2. Skin turgor (skin returns 2-3 seconds)

Question 6

How do you check capillary refill pf nails during a physical exam?

Answer 6

1. Apply pressure until white
2. View how blood returns (>2 seconds= sluggish)

Question 7

Objective data of nails during physical exam?

Answer 7

1. Shape
2. consistency
3. color
4. capillary refill

Question 8

What are these skin conditions:

1. Erythema
2. Cyanosis

Answer 8

1. Erythema: redness of skin from excess blood (typical of fever/inflammation)
2. Cyanosis= Blue skin from decreased oxygenation (shock, heart failure, heart disease)

Question 9

What are these skin conditions:

• Pallor
• Jaundice

Answer 9

• Pallor= Skin becomes gray/white (anemia, arterial insuffiency)
• Jaundice= Skin becomes yellow (Cirrhosis, hepatitis)

Question 10

Of the four disorders:

Pallor, jaundice, cyanosis, and erythema

which one should be immediately treated?

Answer 10

Cyanosis (could be life-threatening)

Question 11

What are the ABCDEs of skin lesions?

Answer 11

Assymetry

Border irregularity

Color variation

Diameter

Elevation

Question 12

Changes in nails can indicate:

Answer 12

Infections

(clubbing=COPD)

Question 13

What do these terms mean:

• Alopecia
• Hirsutism

Answer 13

• Alopecia= hair loss
• Hirsutism= excessive hair

Question 14

What is vitiligo?

Answer 14

Complete absense of melanin

Question 15

Skin tenting (return >3 seconds) when testing turgor could indicate:

Answer 15

Dehydration, aging, skin breakdown

Question 16

Where should you begin skin assessments?

Answer 16

Anterior/posterior surfaces of upper and lower extremeties

Question 17

How do you check edema?

What is the grading scale?

Answer 17

Imprint thumbs 3-4 seconds over ankle/tibia

+4= very deep; +1= no swelling

Question 18

Unilateral edeam indicates:

Bilateral edeam indicates:

Answer 18

Unilateral: Local/peripheral cause

Bilateral= Heart/kidney failure

Question 19

Freckles, flat nevi (moles), and measeles are what type of lesion?

Common characteristics are:

Answer 19

Macule lesion

Flat, circular

Question 20

Elevated nevus (mole), warts, and plaque psoriasis are what type of lesion?

What are the common characteristics?

Answer 20

Papules

Raised, circular

Question 21

Rhematoid nodules are what type of lesion?

Common characteristics?

Answer 21

Nodules:

Elevated, extend into dermis

Question 22

Mosquito bites, allergic reactions are what type of skin lesion?

Common characteristics?

Answer 22

Wheal

Raised, irregular

Question 23

Herpes, chickenpox, and shingles are what type of skin lesion?

Common characteristics?

Answer 23

Vesicle

Elevated, filled with fluid

Question 24

Blisters and burns are what type of lesion?

Common characteristics?

Answer 24

Bulla

Thin walls

Question 25

Common characteristics of cysts (lesions) are?

Answer 25

Subcutaneous, fluid-filled

Question 26

Impetigo and acne are what type of lesions?

Common characteristics?

Answer 26

Pustule

Cavity filled with pus