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BDS1 BAMS histology and head and neck anatomy > skin and mucous > Flashcards

skin and mucous Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of skin?

A
  • protection
  • thermoregulation
  • water regulation
  • sensation
  • absorption
  • storage and synthesis
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2
Q

what does the skin protect from?

A

the external environment- pathogens, uv, injury etc.

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3
Q

how does the skin thermoregulate?

A

via blood vessels, sweating etc.

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4
Q

how does the skin regulate water?

A

it prevents loss of moisture

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5
Q

how is the skin involved with sensation?

A

touch, temperature, pain etc.

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6
Q

how is the skin involved with absorption?

A

drug delivery

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7
Q

how is the skin involved in storage and synthesis?

A

vit D, fats, salt, water and glucose

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8
Q

what are the layers of the skin?

A
  • epidermis
  • subcutaneous layer
  • dermis
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9
Q

what structures are associated with the skin?

A
  • nails
  • sweat glands
  • sebaceous glands
  • hair follicles
  • blood vessels
  • nerves
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10
Q

what is the structure of the epidermis?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • keratinised
  • layers
  • flat cells
  • basic tissue type
  • no blood vessels
  • 4-5 layers
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11
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis?

A
  • stratum corneum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale
  • dermis
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12
Q

what layer of the epidermis is the granular layer?

A

the stratum granulosum

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13
Q

what layer of the epidermis is the prickle cell layer?

A

the stratum spinosum

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14
Q

what are the cells found in the epidermis?

A
  • desmosomes
  • keratinocytes
  • langerhan’s cells
  • merkel cells
  • melanocytes
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15
Q

what makes up 95% of the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

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16
Q

what is the function of langerhan’s cells?

A

antigen-presenting

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17
Q

what is the function of merkel cells?

A

sensory receptors

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18
Q

what is the function of melanocytes?

A

produce melanin

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19
Q

describe thick skin structure

A

(not based on thickness, based on presence of stratum lucidum)

  • stratum lucidum present
  • thicker stratum corneum (prevents unwanted materials from entering, and excessive loss of water from exiting the body)
  • found on palms of hands and soles of feet (areas of high friction and abrasion)
20
Q

describe thin skin structure

A
  • no stratum lucidum
  • all of the epidermis layers are thinner
  • covers all other areas of the body
21
Q

what is the dermis?

A

strong flexible connective tissue layer which is rich in collagen/elastin fibres

22
Q

what does the dermis contain?

A
  • fibroblasts (produce collagen)
  • macrophages
  • adipocytes
  • nerve endings
  • blood vessels
  • glands
  • smooth muscle
  • lymphatics
  • hair follicles
23
Q

what are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  • papillary layer
  • recticular layer
24
Q

describe the papillary layer of the dermis

A
  • top layer of the dermis
  • thinner layer of the two
  • has papillae (ridges) projecting into epidermis
  • richly supplied with capillaries
25
Q

describe the recticular layer of the dermis

A
  • bottom layer of the dermis
  • thicker layer of the two
  • fewer capillaries than the dermis
26
Q

how does acne arise?

A

over production of sebum from a change of hormones/diet/presence of bacteria/smoking

27
Q

what is psoriasis?

A
  • skin condition
  • causes flakey patches
  • autoimmune
  • rapid turnover of epithelial cells
  • causes skin thickening
  • more blood underlying
  • affects scalp, knees and elbows
28
Q

what is pemphigus?

A
  • rare skin disorder
  • causes blistering of the skin and mucous membrane
  • autoimmune
  • desmoglien attaches and attacks antibodies
29
Q

what is vitiligo?

A
  • skin disorder
  • loss of skin pigment
  • antibodies form against melanocytes in the basal layer or melanocyte stimulating hormone
30
Q

what are the two types of skin cancer?

A
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • basal cell carcinoma
31
Q

how can skin cancer arise?

A
  • keratinocytes (specialised epithelial cells) in the epidermis grow out of control which forms a tumour
  • can occur on any part of skin on the body
  • commonly found in areas of sun damage
  • appears as scaly/crusty areas of skin with red inflammation
32
Q

what are malignant melanomas?

A
  • skin cancer
  • prevented by avoiding over exposure to sun/ sun-beds, checking moles growing/changing
  • 5th most common UK cancer
  • risk factors include: UV, moles (collection of melanocytes), fair skin, sunburn and family history
33
Q

what is a mucous membrane?

A
  • a specialised epithelial lining
  • it produces a lubricating fluid containing mucin (sticky protein) which traps dirt and microbes
  • it is the body”s first stage of protection
34
Q

what are the functions of the mucous membrane?

A
  • protection (from trauma/pathogens)
  • in oral cavity, the mucous membrane protects the underlying tissue
  • secretion- mucous secretions
  • the stomach has specific acid secretions and digestive enzyme secretions
  • absorption- drug delivery
  • mucous membrane in the GIT absorb water and nutrients
  • sensation- receptors in oral mucosa
35
Q

where is the mucous membrane found?

A

The moist, inner lining of some organs and body cavities (such as the nose, mouth, lungs, and stomach).

36
Q

what is the mucous membrane’s basic structure?

A
  • epithelium stratified squamous and basement membrane
  • lamina propria mucosa- supportive areolar layer between the mucous membrane epithelium and its basement membrane
37
Q

what is another word for mucous membrane?

A

mucosa

38
Q

what is the structure of the lamina propria?

A
  • cells
    *fibroblasts (collagen producing)
    *immune cells
    *lymph modules
    *virtually lacking adipocytes
  • ECM- collagen and elastin fibres
39
Q

what is the trachea made up of?

A

ciliated psueudostratified epithelium and an elastic, fibre-rich lamina propira

40
Q

what is the small intestine made up of?

A

absorptive epithelium and goblet cells

41
Q

describe the mucous membrane in the oral cavity

A

(oral mucosa)
- stratified squamous epithelium
- lamina propria

  • types:
    *lining mucosa- soft palate (non-keratinised)
    *masticatory mucosa- hard palate (keratinised)
    *gustatory mucosa- dorsal surface of tongue, tastebuds
42
Q

what does orthokeratosis mean?

A

remains of nuclei

43
Q

what does papakeratosis mean

A

no nuclei

44
Q

what is the function of the oral mucosa?

A
  • protection (from pathogens and trauma- acids, chemicals, smoking, food etc.)
  • sensation (receptors for taste)
  • secretion (minor salivary glands which maintain moisture)
  • absorption (drug delivery)
45
Q

why are elderly more susceptible to oral cancer?

A

because the oral mucosa thins overtime

BDS1 BAMS histology and head and neck anatomy (12 decks)

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