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BDS1 BAMS histology and head and neck anatomy > nervous tissues > Flashcards

nervous tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the nervous system?

A

to provide rapid precise communication between different parts of the body via the action of neurones (carry info throughout body via electric impulses)

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2
Q

what are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

what makes up the central nervous system?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

what makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

the nervous tissue out- with the CNS

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5
Q

what is the role of the PNS?

A

to deliver sensory info to the CNS where it’s processed and sent back out to the PNS where signal responses are sent out from

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6
Q

what are the two functional divisions of the PNS?

A
  • somatic NS
  • autonomic NS
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7
Q

what is the role of the somatic NS?

A

regulates voluntary control of skeletal muscle

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8
Q

what is the role of the autonomic NS?

A

controls unconscious functions

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9
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic NS?

A
  • parasympathetic
  • sympathetic
  • both of these can regulate our smooth and cardiac muscle contractions
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10
Q

describe the role of the parasympathetic NS

A

‘rest and digest’ division which regulates less urgent processes such as digestion etc.

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11
Q

describe the role of the sympathetic NS

A

‘fight or flight’ division which responds when our body needs immediate action

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12
Q

what are the cells of the nervous system?

A

neurons and (neuro)glial cells

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13
Q

describe neurons

A

nerve cells which are the functional units of the nervous system and send signals around the body

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14
Q

describe (neuro)glial cells

A

support cells which protect, support and provide nutrients and immune functions to the neurones

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15
Q

what are neurons specialised for?

A

intercellular communication

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16
Q

describe neurons

A
  • long lived
  • high metabolic rate
  • contain dendrites, cell body, single axon, terminal boutons
  • all neaurons have excitability
17
Q

what does ‘excitability’ in neurons mean?

A

a difference in charge between the inside and outside of the cell to allow the generation of action potentials

18
Q

what are dendrites?

A

highly branched processes extending from the cell body
- they form synapses with adjacent neurons
- the respond to external stimuli from other neurons
- they convey incoming info to the cell body, where it is interpreted

19
Q

describe the cell body of a neuron

A
  • large
  • contains a large nucleus and prominent nucleolus (sign of neurons high metabolic demand)
  • located in the CNS
  • nissil bodies (clusters of RER giving the granular look and grey matter)
  • numerous mitochondria
  • stain dark
  • rich in organelles
  • axon hillock is a specialised part of the cell body which connects to the axon
  • the cell body can also be called the perikaryon
20
Q

describe the axon

A

-rapidly propagates signals from cell body towards axon terminals
- specialised to conduct action potentials
- in PNS either non-myelinated or myelinated
- in CNS they are all myelinated

21
Q

what kind of matter does myelin give?

A

white matter

22
Q

describe terminal boutons

A

-form synapses with other neurons or effector organs
- neuromuscular junctions
- where electric signals are converted to chemical signals
- where neurotransmitters are released and convey messages to the next cell in the pathway

23
Q

what would the effector organ be for a motor neuron?

A

skeletal muscle

24
Q

what is the function of (neuro) glia cells?

A

to protect and support neurons

25
Q

how much of the total mass of the CNS do glia cells form?

A

almost 50%

26
Q

name the types of neuroglia cells in the CNS

A

-ependymal cells
- astrocytes
- microglia
- oligodendrocytes

27
Q

name the types of neuroglia cells in the PNS

A
  • satellite cells
  • shwann cells
28
Q

describe CNS ependymal cells

A
  • simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium tightly bound
  • line fluid- filled cavities in the brain (ventricles) and spinal cord
  • no basement membrane so instead, cells taper into loss processes which merge with underlying tissues
  • various cilia and microvilli which help move and regulate composition of spinal fluid
29
Q

describe CNS astrocytes

A
  • named after their star shape
  • large glial cells
  • most numerous support cell in CNS
  • highly branched (packed into spaces between neurons)
  • provide mechanical support and mediate the exchange of metabolites between neurons and the vascular system
  • from the blood-brain barrier
  • regulate the chemical environment
30
Q

describe CNS microglia cells

A
  • named due to small size
  • phagocytic capacity
  • derived from monocytes and macrophages
  • transform into large phagocytic cells in response to tissue damage
  • remove invading microbes and dead cells from CNS
31
Q

describe CNS oligodendrocytes

A
  • function to myelinate axons
  • form myelin sheaths around all CNS axons
  • provide structural and metabolic support
  • single oligodendrocytes can myelinate up to 50 axons
  • any one axons requires numerous oligodendrocytes to myelinate it
32
Q

describe PNS satellite cells

A
  • cells not in CNS are located in structures called ganglions
  • flattened cells which cover the surface of neuronal cell bodies
  • provide structural and functional protection
33
Q

what are ganglions?

A

structures which cells out with CNS are located- aggregations of nueronal cell bodies located near spinal cord

34
Q

describe PNS Shwann cells

A
  • form myelin sheaths around PNS axons
  • provide structural and metabolic support
  • non-myelinated axons (smaller) are enveloped in Shwann cells cytoplasm
  • myelinated axons (larger) are gradually wrapped by the Shwann cell membrane to create a myelin sheath
35
Q

what is the function of myelin sheaths in the NS?

A
  • allow electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along nerve cells
  • increase rate of action potential

BDS1 BAMS histology and head and neck anatomy (12 decks)

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