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BDS1 BAMS histology and head and neck anatomy > cartilage and bone > Flashcards

cartilage and bone Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of skeletal muscle tissues?

A

to provide a strong framework to support and protect our body and to provide movement

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2
Q

what are the two parts of the skeleton?

A

appendicular and axial

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3
Q

which bones does our appendicular skeleton contain?

A

bones of our limbs

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4
Q

what is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

these bones provide attachment sites for our muscles- the muscles contract and pull on the bone, facilitating movement

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5
Q

what bones does our axial skeleton contain?

A

bones of our head, vertebrae and ribs

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6
Q

what are the two classes of connective tissue?

A

loose and dense

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7
Q

what are the three types of cartilage called?

A

hyaline, fibro and elastic

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8
Q

what are features common to all three cartilage types?

A
  • ground substance- predominantly chondroitin sulphates, proves resistance to compression
  • collagen and elastin fibres
  • chondroblast and chondrocyte cells which secrete and synthesis/maintain the ECM
  • firm glassy ECM due to chondroitin sulphates in GS
  • avascular- no blood vessels, leads to poor healing
  • waste occurs via diffusion
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9
Q

describe hyaline cartilage

A
  • most common type of cartilage
  • includes articular cartilage
  • lines joints and connects ribs to sternum
  • abundant ground substance gives it its smoothness
  • it is tough and flexible with good compression strength
  • packed full of collagen fibres
  • surrounded by perichondrium
  • contains lacunae
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10
Q

what are lacunae?

A

small chambers in the matrix occupied by one or more chondrocyte

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11
Q

what is perichondrium?

A
  • not present in articular cartilage
  • dense fibrous connective tissue
  • outer layer functions to attach the cartilage to various other tissues
  • cellular inner layer involved in growth and maintenance of cartilage
  • chondroblasts in the inner layer synthesise and secrete cartilage matrix, becoming embedded where they become chondrocytes and maintain the matrix
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12
Q

describe elastic cartilage

A
  • rare
  • flexible, avascular
  • provides support and resistance to compression
  • histologically similar to hyaline cartilage (perichondrium,chondrocytes and lacunae present)
  • has lots more elastic fibres (stained black by van gieson stain) present- more flexible
  • the elastin fibres are concentrated around the lacunae
  • collagen fibres are also present
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13
Q

describe fibrocartilage

A
  • very durable and tough
  • very little ground substance
  • dominated by dense irregular collagen fibres
  • chondrocytes arranged in rows
  • found in pads between vertebrae, limiting spine movement
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14
Q

describe the histological components of bone tissue

A

ground substance, fibres and cells

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15
Q

what is the ground substance of bone tissue made up of?

A

chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid

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16
Q

what type of fibres are in bone tissue?

A

type 1 collagen

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17
Q

what is the osteoid of bone tissue?

A

unmineralised organic component of ECM made up of ground substance and fibres (28% hydroyapetite 70% fibres)

18
Q

what cells are found in bone tissue?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts (make up 2%)

19
Q

what do bones consist of?

A
  • bone tissue
    (- connective tissue)
  • adipose tissue
  • blood vessels
  • nervous tissue
  • articular cartilage
20
Q

what are the two different conformations of bone tissue?

A

spongy and compact

21
Q

describe spongy bone conformation

A

(trabecular)
- honeycomb structure inside bone

22
Q

describe compact bone structure

A

(cortical)
- dense tough outer layer

23
Q

what are the cells in bone?

A
  • osteogenic cells
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
24
Q

what are osteogenic cells?

A
  • bone cell precursor cells
  • give rise to osteoblasts
  • capable of cell division
25
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A
  • synthesise and secrete osteoid (bone tissue)
  • give rise to osteocytes
26
Q

what are osteocytes?

A
  • maintain mineralised bone tissue
27
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A
  • phagocytic bone cells
  • resorb bone
  • derived from immune cell linage
28
Q

what are lamellae?

A

layers of bone (both spongy and compact bone tissue) arranged in lamellae

29
Q

what is an osteon?

A

(harvesian system)
- functional units of compact bone made up of concentric lamellae
- central canal at the centre of each called an aversion canal
- each osteon contains a network of blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

30
Q

what are volksman’s canals?

A

(perforating canals)
- smaller canals which connect the central canals with the periosteum, supplying the bone tissue with nutrients

31
Q

what is the periosteum?

A
  • connective tissue around the outside of the bone
  • inner layer (cambium) contains osteoblasts
  • outer layer is elastic fibrous material containing blood vessels and nerves
32
Q

what is circumferential lamellae?

A
  • lies directly beneath the periosteum
  • layers of bone which run around the entire circumference of the bone
33
Q

what is interstitial lamellae?

A
  • parts of compact bone which lie between osteons
  • made up of remnants of old osteons which have weakened overtime which are partially reabsorbed and remodelled by osteoclasts
34
Q

what are canalicui?

A
  • small canals through which osteocytes can reach out to their neighbours
  • through direct contact, osteocytes can maintain contact and communication and nutrients with their neighbours
35
Q

what is the histological structure of spongy bone?

A
  • contains lamellar bone
  • no osteons
  • spaces between trabeculae (small beams of supportive bone) are occupied by red and yellow nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics- lined externally by endosteum
36
Q

what is another phrase for bone formation?

A

osteoblast genesis

37
Q

what is another name for bone resorption?

A

osteoclast genesis

38
Q

describe bone remodelling

A

in healthy bone, osteoblast genesis is coupled with osteoclast genesis
- bone remodelling can be influenced by: growth, mechanical stress, hormones and immunological factors
- some diseases are characterised by unbalanced osteoclastogenic activity

39
Q

what is periodontitis?

A
  • destructive inflammatory disease which destroys alveolar bone which leads to tooth loss
  • chronic immune response to oral bacteria leads to destruction of host tissue
  • gingival recession- loss of attachment to periodontal ligament
  • immune generated- increases osteoclast genesis
40
Q

describe arthritis

A
  • osteoarthritis (most common)- affects the smooth cartilage around joints, changing shape of joint as protective cartilage on joints wears down
  • rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune- body attacks its own tissue- synovium (outer joint) is first affected then spreads changing joint shape
41
Q

describe osteomalacia

A
  • ‘rickets’ in children
  • failure of osteoid to mineralise adequately
  • caused by a lack of calcium/vit D/ phosphate
  • bones become weak and prone to fracture
  • associated with dental abnormalties eg enamel hypoplasia, delayed tooth eruption
  • hydroxyapatite is most affected

BDS1 BAMS histology and head and neck anatomy (12 decks)

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