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Histology Exam 2 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Mammary glands develop under influence of ____ and _____ homrones

A

ovarian and pituitary

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2
Q

Are mammary glands active or inactive glands?

A

Inactive

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3
Q

In haired skin, migration of cells from external root sheath of hair follicles augments ______

A

re-epithelialization

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4
Q

Brown, black pigment present in dark haired individuals (elongate)

A

eumelanin

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5
Q

stratum spinosum cells held together by what cell junction?

A

desmosome

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6
Q

4 function of skin

A

protection, sensation, thermoregulation, metabolic funtions

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7
Q

in first intention healing, days 3-7 neutrophils are replaced by ____ (marks transition from acute to subacute phase)

A

macrophages

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8
Q

Hair shaft consists of what 2 layers?

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

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9
Q

in first intention healing, within 3-24 hours, _____ infiltrate the clost

A

neutrophils

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10
Q

Emotional sweating is ________; begins on palms and sole

A

adrenergic

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11
Q

vascular plexus located deep within hypodermis; largest of three

A

Subcutaneous plexus

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12
Q

membrane-bound, lamellar structures found in the cells of granular layer that contain glycolipids, provide waterproofing coat for skin cells

A

keratinosomes

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13
Q

_____ functions as UV shield to protect nucleus; inhibits mutagenesis

A

Melanin

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14
Q

pigmented region of epidermis surrounding nipple

A

areola

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15
Q

After tyrosine is oxidized to DOPA, DOPA is converted to _____ in melanosomes

A

melanin

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16
Q

Takes about ____ days for cells to mature from stratum basale to stratum corneum leading to keratinization

A

25

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17
Q

Vascular plexi of skin from superficial to deep

A

subpapillary plexus, cutaneous plexus, & subcutaneous plexus

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18
Q

At the base of bulb is a vascular core which is a finger-like invagination of dermis containing blood vessels

A

dermal papilla

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19
Q

largest organ of the body

A

skin

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20
Q

Affected individuals of androgenic alopecia have high levels of ______ (enzyme)

A

5-alpha-reductase

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21
Q

the _____ consists of densely packed, parallel hard keratin filaments embedded in amorphous matrix; slides over underlying nail bed as it frows

A

nail plate

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22
Q

act as a hydrophobic barrier that prevents desiccation in the stratum corneum

A

soft keratin

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23
Q

rupture of keratohyaline granules & polymerization of their contents forms a matrix for tonofibrils of cytokeratin that lead to an amorphous mass of mature ________

A

keratin

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24
Q

Develop along paired epidermal ridges that extend axillae to groin; form milk lines

A

Mammary glands

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25
Q

Langerhans cells contain distinct ______ granules that are visible on EM

A

Birbeck

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26
Q

________ is initiated by release of lysosomal enzymes => rupture of keratohyaline granules & polymerization of their contents

A

Keratinization

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27
Q

skin function: ______ largest sense organ of body; contains receptors for touch, pressure, pain, & temperature

A

sensation

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28
Q

contains cells that look spiny; have polyhedral cell with prominent intercellular bridges; has numerous cytoplasmic processes and lateral folding of cell membrane

A

stratum spinousum

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29
Q

Takes about ____ weeks to fill a 1 cm wide cut; this is why we suture

A

3

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30
Q

2 layers of dermis layer

A

superficial papillary layer and deep reticular layer

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31
Q

Burn involving all 3 layers (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis)

A

3rd degree

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32
Q

_____ glands have secretory, cuboidal epithelium 2-3 cell layers thick that surround large glandular lumen

A

apocrine

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33
Q

____ form fingerprints

A

dermal ridges

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34
Q

non-membrane bound electron dense granules found in stratum granulosum

A

keratohyaline granules

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35
Q

Piloerection is caused by _______ (parasmy or sym) stimulation due to cold/fear/aggression

A

sympathetic

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36
Q

in first intention healing, in week 2 continued fibroplasia and ______ accumulation that leads to mature ______ tissue; leads to decrease in inflammation

A

collagen; granulation

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37
Q

mechanoreceptors/ touch receptors in dermal ridges of papillary layer; Especially prominent in hands, feet, lips, genitalia; afferent nerve fibers associated with minimally modified schwann cells

A

meissner’s corpuscles

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38
Q

the reticular layer contains

A

hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

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39
Q

tyrosine is oxidized to DOPA by _______

A

tyrosinase

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40
Q

Apocrine sweat glands are located in _____ and _____; develop at _______

A

axillae and groin; puberty

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41
Q

White crescent at the base of nail covered by the eponychium

A

lunula

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42
Q

Shedding of old hair shaft of hair

A

exogen

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43
Q

T/F: Melanocytes adjacent to hair follicle produce melanin, becomes incorporated into cortex => hair color

A

True

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44
Q

Modified basement membrane separates hair bulb from surrounding dermis

A

Glassy membrane

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45
Q

used in thermoregulation in fingertips and ears associated with AV shunts containing glomus bodies

A

Subcutaneous plexus

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46
Q

Wound repair from a clean (surgical), approximated incision

A

first intention healing

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47
Q

3 main layers of skin

A

epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

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48
Q

Sweat contains a hypotonic solution of what 4 things?

A

salts, ammonia, urea, and uric acid

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49
Q

epidermal cells derived from neural crest; Look like melanocytes; located in stratum basale, contain dense core granules

A

Merkel cells

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50
Q

The hair shaft is covered by a thin _______ of overlapping keratin plates; prevents matting

A

cuticle

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51
Q

Pacinian corpuscles detect

A

mechanical and vibratory pressure

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52
Q

in first intention healing, the incision immediately fills with what?

A

blood and clots

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53
Q

most of the body covered in ____ skin epidermis

A

thin

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54
Q

merocrine sweat glands secrete sweat glands onto skin surface via a _________ on epidermal ridge

A

sweat pore

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55
Q

small dermal mechanoreceptors, especially common in soles of feet

A

Ruffini corpuscles

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56
Q

cells of epidermis is called

A

keratinocytes

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57
Q

proximal end of the nail that extends into the dermis and attaches to periosteum of distal phalanx

A

nail root

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58
Q

Which skin tumors are derived from melanocytes?

A

Melanoma

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59
Q

Embryological outgrowths of epidermis; include hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat glands, horns

A

Skin appendages

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60
Q

stratum basale is attached to basement membrane by

A

hemidesmosomes

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61
Q

most numerous, present in epidermis & papillary dermis—surround most hair follicles• Lack connective tissue capsule & associated Schwann cells;

A

“free” N endings

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62
Q

lipid secretion is primarily _____ (gland)

A

apocrine

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63
Q

With _______ deficiency, collagen breaks down; old scars can reopen and bleed

A

Vitamin C

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64
Q

____ are fixed tissue macrophages; phagocytic antigen presenting cells

A

Langerhans cells

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65
Q

Langerhans cells are located within what layer of skin?

A

Stratum spinousm

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66
Q

During ______, mammary glands enlarge due to hypertrophy of secretory cells and accumulation of secretory product

A

lactation

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67
Q

in second intention healing, following initial clot formation, epithelial cells of _______ migrate from edges of wound at ~ 0.5 mm/day

A

stratum basale

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68
Q

layer of epidermis only present in thick skin

A

stratum lucidum

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69
Q

germinative zone where nail growth occurs by proliferation and differentiation at nail root

A

nail matrix

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70
Q

portion of the nail the nail plate sits on; make up of stratified squamous epithelium

A

nail bed

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71
Q

thickest layer of epidermis in the skin; prickle cell layer

A

stratum spinosum

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72
Q

T/F: in first intention healing, in month 2, there is connective tissue scar without inflammation covered by intact epithelium

A

True

73
Q

most superficial layer of epidermis, thickest layer of epidermis in thick skin; contains squames and is constantly exfoliated

A

stratum corneum

74
Q

hypodermis is made up of what 2 things?

A

irregular connective tissue and adipose tissue

75
Q

stratum basale is attached to underlying dermis by

A

anchoring filaments and microfibrils

76
Q

Involuting phase (loss of blood supply) of hair

A

catagen

77
Q

dermal projections of the papillary into the epidermis

A

dermal ridges

78
Q

fibroblasts elaborate collagen

A

fibroplasia

79
Q

______ skin epidermis is restricted to volar (soles) and palmar (palms) surfaces; lacks hair (glabrous)

A

thick

80
Q

In ______, keratinocyte maturation only takes 1 wk due to Absence of a granular layer and abnormal keratohyaline & tonofibrils

A

psoriasis

81
Q

_____ glands discharge a thick viscid secretions into hair follicle; odorless when secreted but produces acrid odor from bacterial breakdown; in mammals serve as pheromones; secretion is adrenergic

A

apocrine

82
Q

alveolar, holocrine glands consisting of branched acini; one or more glands associated with each hair follicle; develop as outgrowths of external root sheath

A

sebaceous glands

83
Q

The hair shaft is produced by _______

A

hair follicles

84
Q

Melanin is released from melanocytes in organelles called _____ and are taken up by surrounding epidermal cells

A

melanosomes

85
Q

relatively thin layer that interdigitates with epidermis; corrugations increase the surface area for attachment, prevent shear and mechanical abrasion; contains epidermal and dermal ridges

A

Papillary layer of dermis

86
Q

Coarse hair on scalp, axillae and pubis is know as ______ hair

A

terminal

87
Q

_____ is composed of dense, irregular collagenous ct (type 1 collagen), interspersed with elastic fibers

A

dermis

88
Q

Lines of tension in the reticular layer of dermis are called ______; formed by what 2 fibers?

A

Langer’s lines; elastic and collagen

89
Q

mechanoreceptors located in dermis & hypodermis; Large, ovoid structures; Prominent in fingertips & around joints

A

Pacinian corpuscles

90
Q

Hair growth occurs within deep terminal expansion of hair follicle called

A

hair bulb (root)

91
Q

skin function: ______ insulation via hair & SQ fat; heat loss facilitated by sweat glands & dermal capillary network

A

thermoregulation

92
Q

Mammary gland drainage

A

Terminal duct => lactiferous duct => lactiferous sinus => nipple

93
Q

Bundles of smooth Mm cells (arrector pili M) attach to hair follicle sheath & insert on epidermal ridges; contraction raises hair => “goose bumps”: process is called

A

piloerection

94
Q

_____ is a flattened portion of nail that rests on nail bed

A

nail plate

95
Q

Homogenous, compact layer of enucleate cells between stratum granulosum & stratum corneum

A

stratum lucidum

96
Q

Neuroectodermal dendritic cells present in epidermis; small number of cells usually restricted to basal layer with extensive cytoplasmic processes may extend into stratum spinosum

A

melanocytes

97
Q

Thermoregulatory sweating is ____________; first occurs in axillae, forehead, and scalp: last on hands and feet

A

cholinergic (parasympathetic)

98
Q

Which skin tumors are derived from epithelial cells?

A

squamous cell carcinoma basal cell carcinoma

99
Q

basal layer of epidermis; mitotic layer of cuboidal germinal cells bound to basement membrane by hemisdesomes

A

stratum basale or germinativum

100
Q

Secretion product of ceruminous glands

A

cerumen (ear wax)

101
Q

At puberty vellus hair is replaced by coarser _____ hair

A

terminal

102
Q

epidermal projections of the papillary layer into the dermis

A

epidermal ridges

103
Q

can be called thick skin or thin skin

A

epidermis

104
Q

skin function: _______ from UV, mechanical, chemical, & thermal insultPrevents dehydration; provides physical barrier to microorganisms

A

protection

105
Q

Function of free nerve endings

A

sensory modalities—heat/cold, touch, pain, movement

106
Q

Burn involving both epidermis and dermis

A

2nd degree

107
Q

What kind of glands are ceruminous glands>

A

Modified apocrine

108
Q

progressive damage to _____ fibers leads to aging and loss of skin tone

A

elastic

109
Q

Epidermis is supplied and nourished b blood vessel in _____

A

underlying dermis

110
Q

located below dermis; irregular connective tissue and adipose tissue

A

hypodermis

111
Q

Takes ______ days for cells to travel from deep germinal layer, mature, & be sloughed from superficial epidermis

A

25-50 days

112
Q

in first intention healing, epithelial cells of _________ begin mitosis leads to epithelial closure within 24-48 hrs

A

stratum basale

113
Q

a pilosebaceous unit consists of what 3 things?

A

hair follicle, arrector pili muscle, and sebaceous gland

114
Q

T/F: Cells of granular layer mature to form waterproof layer of keratinized cells, with glycolipid coating on surface of epidermis

A

True

115
Q

autoimmune disease leading to destruction of melanocytes that leads to depigmentation

A

Vitiligo

116
Q

T/F: Melanin is necessary for normal neural development

A

True

117
Q

_____ is caused by excess fibroplasia that leads to raised, thickened. ct scar

A

Keloid

118
Q

Pressure sensitive mechanoreceptors associated with free afferent nerve endings

A

merkel cells

119
Q

vascular plexus located at junction of reticular layer & hypodermis

A

Cutaneous plexus

120
Q

As epithelial cells lining hair bulb mature, they fill with hard ______ filaments arranged in parallel bundles

A

keratin

121
Q

What kind of glands are mammary glands?

A

highly modified apocrine sweat glands

122
Q

_______ glands are used for waterproofing and moisturizing skin and hair; also found on non-haired transitional skin where secrete directly onto skin surface

A

sebaceous

123
Q

granular layer of epidermis characterized by by containing basophilic keratohyaline granules

A

stratum granulosum

124
Q

sweat glands secrete product along with some cytoplasm; coiled tubular glands with large dilated lumina

A

apocrine

125
Q

_______ consists of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium; lacks blood vessels; do not penetrate basement membrane

A

epidermis

126
Q

Milk production is both _____ and ______ (glands)

A

merocrine and apocrine

127
Q

vascular plexus located at junction of papillary & reticular layers

A

Subpapillary plexus

128
Q

Hair bulb lined by actively dividing epithelial cells homologous to what layer of epidermis?

A

Stratum basale

129
Q

simple coiled tubular glands surrounded by myoepithelial cells that assist in secretion: 2 types

A

sweat glands

130
Q

Desquamation and lifting of scab from periphery after 3 weeks is followed by ________ due to myofibroblasts

A

wound contraction

131
Q

As epithelial cells of nail mature, they fill with _____ that form the nail plate

A

keratin

132
Q

Cylindrical downgrowths of epithelium surrounded by collagen sheaths that produce hair shaft

A

hair follicles

133
Q

____ lacks tyrosinase so DOPA and melanin don’t form; Premelanosomes form but do not mature

A

Albinos

134
Q

What kind of glands are in areolar glands?

A

merocrine sweat and sebaceous glands

135
Q

portion of nail that covers the lunula

A

cuticle/eponychium

136
Q

Consist of afferent N fibers surrounded by highly modified Schwann cells—form concentric lamellae separated by fluid-filled spaces

A

Pacinian corpuscles

137
Q

Proteins in apocrine glands secretions:

A

carbs, ammonia, lipids, and organic products

138
Q

Is hair growth continuous or not continuous?

A

Not continuous

139
Q

in first intention healing,in day 5 the incision fills with ________ tissue

A

granulation

140
Q

_____ can be used as a marker, to differentiate melanocytes from keratinocytes containing phagocytosed melanin; Useful in distinguishing tumor types,

A

Tyrosinase

141
Q

predominant cell product of stratum spinosum that form tonofilaments that aggregate into larger tonofibrils that anchor onto desmosomes

A

cytokeratin

142
Q

_____ are responsible for the production of melanin

A

melanocytes

143
Q

Thickened regions of smooth Mm in wall of arterioles, surrounded by connective tissue capsule; Bypass capillary bed, re-route blood from arterial to venous circulation

A

Glomus bodies

144
Q

To produce melanin, a _____ precursor is oxidized to ______

A

tyrosine; DOPA

145
Q

Fine body hair in women and children is referred to as

A

vellus hair

146
Q

alkaline yellowish secretion with high protein and salt content with low lipids and carbs; large amounts of antibodies that is important in transfer of passive immunity to offspring

A

colostrum

147
Q

Where are the 2 places the merocrine glands not found on the human body?

A

lips and genitalia

148
Q

Growth phase of hair

A

anagen

149
Q

The stratum corneum is primarily composed of

A

soft keratin

150
Q

Keratinization of new cells leads to ______ and lifting of scab from periphery after 3 weeks

A

desquamation

151
Q

Melanin synthesis is under control of a ____ hormone called ______

A

pituitary; melanocyte stimulating hormone

152
Q

sweat glands that secrete only the product;

A

merocrine

153
Q

Burn involving only epidermis

A

1st degree

154
Q

most common form of hair loss affecting 30-40% of adults; genetic and androgen dependent

A

androgenic alopecia

155
Q

Enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone leading to follicular atrophy

A

5-alpha-reductase

156
Q

Inactive resting phase of hair

A

telogen

157
Q

Smooth muscles responsible for piloerection are called

A

arrector pili muscles

158
Q

skin layer that is highly vascular and contains many sensory receptors

A

dermis

159
Q

skin function: ______ energy stored in SQ fat(1’ as triglycerides); Vit D synthesized in skin via hνMaintains homeostasis; excretory function (sweating); immune defense

A

metabolic functions

160
Q

Glands in external auditory meatus

A

Ceruminous glands

161
Q

Developing hair surrounded & protected by_____ and ______ —line hair follicle

A

internal and external root sheath

162
Q

excessive secretion of sebum

A

seborrhea

163
Q

Wound repair that occurs with more extensive loss of tissue, where wound edges do not approximate

A

Second intention healing

164
Q

in second intention healing, Simultaneous proliferation/ maturation of _______ behind migrating front slowly restores multilayered, stratified epidermis

A

keratinocytes

165
Q

red to yellow pigment present in individuals with red or blonde hair (ovoid)

A

pheomelanin

166
Q

areola is made of what kind of epithelium?

A

stratified squamous epithelium with deep dermal ridges

167
Q

flattened, enucleate, dead cell remnants in the stratum corneum

A

squames

168
Q

____ glands are composed mainly of dense, irregular collagenous CT interspersed with adipose tissue and occasional smooth muscle; tubulo-acinar glands organized into secretory lobules

A

mammary glands

169
Q

Which layer of the epidermis are exfoliated cervical epithelial cells that are routinely examined in PAP smear to detect cervical cancer

A

Stratum corneum

170
Q

what 3 processes lead to the production of granulation tissue

A

neovascularization, fibroplasia, and re-epithelialization

171
Q

Tyrosinase is located in cells called

A

premelanosomes

172
Q

Protein secretion is primarily _____ (gland)

A

merocrine

173
Q

As keratinocytes mature, they ____ and lose ____

A

die; nuclei

174
Q

Sebaceous glands secrete sebum via the ______ canal which is high in lipid concentration and cell debris

A

pilosebaceous

175
Q

unbranched, coiled, tubular glands with 1-2 layer of cuboidal to columnar epithelium with excretory ducts

A

merocrine sweat glands

176
Q

T/F: In full thickness abrasion or 3rd degree burns, re-epithelializaion is not limited by size of wound

A

False

177
Q

layer of dermis that is deeper and thicker

A

reticular layer

178
Q

keratinization of cells in stratum granulosum represents interactions between what 2 things?

A

keratohyaline granules and tonofibrils

179
Q

_________ are involved in contact allergic dermatitis; contact abundant cytoplasmic extensions

A

Langerhans cells

Histology Exam 2 (6 decks)

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