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Histology Exam 2 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Epiphyseal growth plate: successive mitotic division of chondrocytes => columns of chondrocytes

A

Zone of Proliferation

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2
Q

Exchange of waste & nutrients occurs in compact bone via _________

A

Haversian vessels

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3
Q

Chondroblasts are trapped in ______ in cartilage

A

lacunae

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4
Q

In endochondral ossification, ________ cells from periosteum migrate into medulla, along with growing blood vessels

A

Osteoprogenitor

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5
Q

Bones in limbs are _____ bones

A

long

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6
Q

type of bone that contains concentric layers with parallel collagen fibers

A

lamellar bone

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7
Q

Nonsynovial joints are joined by ____ tissue

A

dense CT

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8
Q

woven bone is transformed into ______ which helps stabilize & bind fracture together; Important to realign & stabilize, or “set” fracture before this happens

A

bony callous

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9
Q

Epiphyseal growth plate: capillaries of marrow cavity grow from diaphysis into growth plateChondrocytes degenerate; lacunae invaded by osteogenic cells

A

Zone of (Cartilage) Degeneration

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10
Q

2 types of lamellar bone

A

compact and cancellous

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11
Q

resting mesenchymal cells, reside in periosteum& endosteum; Can differentiate into osteoblasts & osteocytes

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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12
Q

Immediately after fracture, ________ develops—pain, swelling, redness, & heat

A

inflammatory response

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13
Q

In endochondral ossification, complete ossification that occurs at maturity caused by the ________

A

closure of epiphysis

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14
Q

___ joint characterized by extensive movement surrounded by connective tissue capsule (joint capsule)•Lined by thin, discontinuous layer of cells, synovium; secretes a fluid; bathes articular surface•No basement membrane, so not a true epithelium; made of up to 4 cell layers of cells of mesenchymal origin

A

Synovial (diarthoses)

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15
Q

Concentric layers in lamellar bone are called

A

circumferential lamellae

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16
Q

Secondary function of bone and cartilage

A

protection, mineral storage, & hemopoiesis

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17
Q

evolutionarily derived from notochord in chordates; Formed of concentric layers of fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs

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18
Q

production of irregular new bone at edges of articular surfaces; limits range of motion

A

Osteophytes (bone spurs)

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19
Q

Hyaline cartilage is reinforced by what fibers?

A

Type 2 collagen

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20
Q

Epiphyses are composed of ______ bone and covered with ________

A

cancellous; hyaline articular cartilage

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21
Q

Specialized support tissue—extracellular components are mineralized for rigidity & strength

A

Bone

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22
Q

T/F: Cartilage is a vascular connective tissue

A

False; avascular

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23
Q

immature form of bone characterized by random orientation of collagen fibers

A

Woven bone

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24
Q

After formation of fibrous granulation tissue, Mesenchymal cells differentiate into ______, secrete matrix => progressive replacement of granulation tissue by ______ cartilage

A

chondroblasts; hyaline

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25
Q

T/F: Relative strength of bone and cartilage due to properties of ground substance & extracellular fibers

A

True

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26
Q

Joint that is limited movement; joined by dense connective tissue, lacks articular surface

A

Nonsynovial

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27
Q

Concentric bony lamellae laid down by successive layers of _____

A

osteoblasts

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28
Q

What hormone decreases blood calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin

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29
Q

Further mitotic divisions of cartilage lead to produce clusters of ________ cells in cartilage called

A

chondrocytes

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30
Q

Diaphysis is composed of ______ bone in the cortex and _____ bone in the medullary cavity

A

compact; cancellous

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31
Q

Inactive Haversian systems known as _________

A

interstitial systems

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32
Q

Cartilage formation begins with __________ cells that differentiate into chondroblasts

A

Stellate mesenchymal cells

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33
Q

What hormone stimulates osteoblast activity, inhibits osteoclasts leading to bone deposition?

A

Calcitonin

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34
Q

Bony remodeling is followed by invasion of the empty Haversian canal by ______

A

osteoblasts

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35
Q

joint that contains single layer of hyaline cartilage; Unites first rib with sternum; only one in human adult

A

Synchondrosis (1’ cartilage joint)

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36
Q

New cartilage forms within mass

A

Interstitial growth

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37
Q

After hyaline cartilage replaces granulation tissue, ______ and ______ from endosteum & periosteum at edge of wound grow inward, produce meshwork of ______ bone within provisional callous, deposit calcium salts in collagen matrix

A

osteoprogenitor cells & osteoblasts; woven

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38
Q

T/F: Haversian systems oriented perpendicular to long axis of bone

A

False; parallel

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39
Q

Epiphyseal growth plate: blood vessels from marrow cavity grow into cartilage mass;Osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts, congregate on spicules of calcified cartilage matrix to form bony trabeculae

A

Zone of Ossification

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40
Q

in intramembranous ossification, _______ cells differentiate into______, produce osteoid, later mineralizes into bone

A

Mesenchymal; osteoblasts

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41
Q

(hormone) Oversecretion can lead to gigantism, or acromegaly; undersecretion leads to pituitary dwarfism

A

Somatotropin (pituitary growth hormone)`

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42
Q

T/F: Vit D necessary for synthesis of collagen;

A

False; Vit C

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43
Q

associated with consumption of large quantities of red wine, meat,asparagus, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussel’s sprouts (high in protein and nitrogen); some diuretics used to treat hyper tension can cause it too

A

gout

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44
Q

Endosteal/ periosteal surface depressions where osteoclasts are found

A

Howship’s lacunae (resorption bays)

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45
Q

Periosteum is a layer of ___________ tissue

A

fibrous connective tissue

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46
Q

Damage to annulus fibrosus causes nucleus pulposus to ______

A

herniate

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47
Q

____ part of skeletal system that is semi-rigid; derived from primitive mesenchymal cells; bone precursor

A

cartilage

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48
Q

Spongy & woven bone lack _______; present only in compact lamellar bone

A

Haversian system

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49
Q

After ~1 wk, ______ and _______ proliferate & grow into site

A

fibroblasts & capillaries

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50
Q

Rickets is caused by insufficient dietary _____ and/or ____

A

Ca and Vit D

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51
Q

Osteocytes connected by minute canals called ______ containing cytoplasmic extensions—Communicate with each other via ____________

A

canaliculi; gap junctions

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52
Q

Mineralized component of bone formed by inorganic salts, primarily ____ and _____, in form of ________

A

Ca and P; hydroxyapatite crystals

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53
Q

Osteoclasts function in Ca homeostasis by producing ______ &_______ that digest bone—secreted into ECS by ruffled border

A

organic acids; lysozymes

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54
Q

local, autoimmune rxn in joints => body produces Ab’s that attack joints => pain, damage to articular cartilage; thickening, inflammation of synovial membrane

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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55
Q

In intramembranous ossification, ______ at periphery continue to divide, provide replacements

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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56
Q

In endochondral ossification, At maturity, hormonal changes decreases _______ & cartilage plate replaced by ______

A

cartilage proliferation; bone

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57
Q

long bones, vertebrae, pelvis, & base of skull is made via _______ ossification

A

endochondral ossification

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58
Q

Outer periphery of cortical bone arranged in ______ are covered by __________

A

circumferential lamellae; dense connective tissue periosteum

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59
Q

Bone repair process usually takes ______ weeks

A

6-12 weeks

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60
Q

In endochondral ossification, 1’ center of ossification occurs in

A

mid-diaphysis

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61
Q

Shaft of the long bone is called the ______

A

diaphysis

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62
Q

Within center of each osteon is a Haversian canal containing ________

A

blood vessels & nerves

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63
Q

Intervertebral joints are a special type of _____

A

symphysis

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64
Q

Compact bone contains ______; produced via bony remodeling—removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and redeposition of new bone by osteoblasts

A

Haversian systems, also called osteons

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65
Q

T/F: Chondrocytes do not retain the ability to divide

A

False

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66
Q

large, multinucleate cells, probably derived from monocyte-Mφlineage; phagocytic; Actively involved in resorption & remodeling of bone; Usually found on endosteal/ periosteal surface in depressions, called Howship’s lacunae, or resorption bays

A

Osteoclasts

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67
Q

Inflammation of joints

A

arthritis

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68
Q

Type of cell in synovial joints that resemble macrophages

A

Type A (synoviocytes)

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69
Q

What kinds of cells are Osteoprogenitor cells?

A

resting mesenchymal cells

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70
Q

what are the 2 major forms of bone?

A

Woven and lamellar

71
Q

part of Epiphyseal growth plate: hyaline cartilage with clusters of chondrocytes—no cell proliferation

A

Zone of Reserve Cartilage

72
Q

fibroblasts & capillaries forms _______ tissue that becomes progressively more fibrous in chronic phase forming ________ tissue

A

Granulation tissue; Fibrous granulation tissue

73
Q

Epiphyseal growth plate: chondrocytes greatly enlarge, contain large amounts of glycogen, become vacuolated & calcify

A

Zone of Hypertrophy (& Calcification)

74
Q

In endochondral ossification, ________ in region of metaphysis remains “open”; Allows continuous longitudinal growth

A

Epiphyseal plate

75
Q

Primary function of bone and cartilage

A

support & locomotion/ movement

76
Q

direct replacement of mesenchyme by bone; no cartilage precursor

A

Intramembranous ossification

77
Q

Which hormone stimulates osteoclast activity leading to bone resorption?

A

Parathyroid hormone

78
Q

Bone has a high affinity for _____ and _______

A

heavy metals and radioactive isotopes

79
Q

Consists of alternating layers of hyaline cartilage & dense connective tissue (contains Type I& Type II collagen); less cellular than either; Lacks perichondrium; found in intervertebral discs, some articular areas—

A

Fibrocartilage

80
Q

parallel bundles of collagen fibers, extend from periosteum or Mm tendon & insert into superficial layer of bone; provide anchorage & support

A

Sharpey’s fibers

81
Q

Most common glycoprotein in cartilage is _______; may have some anti-tumor properties

A

chondronectin

82
Q

Matrix of hydrated cartilage, contains ~ 60-80% _____, bound to ________; accounts for its flexibility and incompressibility

A

H2O; proteoglycans

83
Q

In skull, syndesmoses progressively replaced by bone to become _______

A

synostosis

84
Q

GAGs of ground substance of bone consist mostly of

A

hyaluronic acid & chondroitin sulfate, as well as keratin sulfate

85
Q

Mature, compact bone consists of ~ 70% ______ & 30% _______

A

inorganic salts; organic matrix

86
Q

Dense fibrous tissue between bones

A

Syndesmosis

87
Q

Epiphyseal growth plate: division ceases; chondrocytes ↑ in size

A

Zone of Maturation

88
Q

Osteoblasts trapped within lacunae of osteoid, become _______

A

osteocytes

89
Q

Ends of long bones are called

A

epiphysis

90
Q

Treatment for osteoporosis includes

A

Oral Ca and Vit D; chondrotin, gulcosamine , and gelatin

91
Q

In _____ ossification, Mesenchymal cells differentiate directly into osteoblasts, begin synthesizing osteoid at multiple sites, (multiple centers of ossification) within membrane—no cartilage precursor; Mineralization follows with subsequent fusion of adjacent centers of ossification

A

intramembranous

92
Q

Tendency for all _____ cartilage to calcify with age, via deposition of calcium phosphate crystals within matrix; eventually replaced by bone

A

hyaline

93
Q

In endochondral ossification, two secondary centers of ossification occur in _______; mineralization spreads across cartilage matrix

A

epiphyses

94
Q

Thick cartilage contains blood vessels in _________

A

secondary cartilage canals

95
Q

Fracture where there is bone broken in several pieces

A

Comminuted fracture

96
Q

Progressive build-up of osteophytes, osteoarthritis or trauma can lead to _____

A

ankylosis

97
Q

removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and redeposition of new bone by osteoblasts

A

bony remodeling

98
Q

In endochondral ossification, After closure, growth plate persists as ______ in metaphysis, visible on X-rays

A

epiphyseal line

99
Q

Resulting woven bone from endochondral ossification is extensively remodeled by _______ & ____ growth => lamellar bone

A

resorption; appostional

100
Q

Synovial joints are made up of 4 layers of synovial cells of ________ origin

A

mesenchymal

101
Q

Mature bone cells

A

Osteocytes

102
Q

Fluid that bathes the articular surface of a synovial joint

A

synovial fluid

103
Q

central core of viscous ground substance in the intervertebral disc

A

nucleus pulposus

104
Q

roughly polygonal, mesenchymal cells derived from osteoprogenitor cells; Very basophilic due to synthesis of large amounts of protein & proteoglycans

A

Osteoblasts

105
Q

Type of cartilage found in knee, mandible [TMJ], shoulder, sternum—ligaments, tendons, joint capsules, pubic symphysis)

A

Fibrocartilage

106
Q

Vit C deficiency => ______; bone matrix not calcified•Can also lead to weakening of collagen in ligaments(especially periodontal ligament => loose teeth)•Breakdown of scars/ old wounds, which break open & bleed

A

scurvy

107
Q

part of the long bone that is a Flared region between epiphysis & diaphysis; contains epiphyseal plate of long bones

A

metaphysis

108
Q

_______ are responsible for calcification of matrix via secretion of matrix vesicles

A

Osteoblasts

109
Q

Type of cartilage found in external ear, auditory & Eustacian canals, epiglottis, & larynx)

A

Elastic

110
Q

What kind of fibers are found in Fibrocartilage?

A

Type 1 and 2 collagen

111
Q

modified, folded plasma membrane, containing microvilli-like structures that secrete organic acids and lysozymes into ECS that are produced by osteoclasts that function in Ca homeostasis

A

Ruffled border

112
Q

T/F: In endochondral ossification, Calcification of cartilage matrix inhibits diffusion of nutrients that leads to death of chondrocytes & spread of osteoblasts

A

True

113
Q

replacement of articular cartilage with fibrovascular tissue

A

Pannus

114
Q

Consists of several distinct zones in transition from cartilage to bone

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

115
Q

What is the last long bone in humans to close around 18-20?

A

femur

116
Q

Periosteum contains what cells?

A

fibroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells

117
Q

In acute phase (first few days) ______ first to arrive, infiltrate hematoma, then (both phagocytic) to clean up site of injury

A

neutrophils; macrophages

118
Q

Woven bone is later remodeled into _____ bone

A

lamellar

119
Q

Treatment of scurvy

A

Fruits and Veg high in VIt C (citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, limes; also guavas)

120
Q

Fracture where there is no break in skin

A

Simple or closed fracture

121
Q

Internal marrow cavity of bones lined by

A

endosteum

122
Q

Repair in cartilage is limited because repair requires blood flow; this results in production of _________ tissue

A

dense connective tissue

123
Q

Type of cell in synovial joints resemble fibroblasts

A

Type B

124
Q

replacement of cartilage precursor by bone

A

Endochondral ossification

125
Q

Bony callous progressively remodelled into _______

A

mature lamellar bone

126
Q

Clusters of chondrocytes that can be separated by extracellular matrix (territorial vs. interterritorial) are called

A

isogenous groups

127
Q

pitting, erosion => pain, swelling, thickening of joint capsule; occurs following osteoarthritis

A

eburnation

128
Q

Cartilage contains extracellular matrix of amorphous ground substance containing ________

A

collagen

129
Q

Which hormone increases blood calcium and decreases renal excretion by kidneys?

A

Parathyroid hormone

130
Q

Varying levels of _____ and ______ produce the different types of cartilage

A

matrix; fibers

131
Q

Part of the long bone that contains red (hematopoietic) marrow or yellow (fatty) marrow

A

Medullary cavity

132
Q

Peripheral zone of dense connective tissue containing fibroblasts, collagen, and immature chondroblasts; surrounds cartilage

A

Perichondrium

133
Q

Thin continuous later of cells surrounding synovial joint

A

synovium

134
Q

joint that contains two hyaline cartilage surfaces connected by fibrocartilage plate

A

Symphysis—(2’cartilage joint)

135
Q

Outer margin of osteon is delimited by the ______

A

cement line

136
Q

Osteoblasts mature into ______ within lacunae after matrix mineralizes

A

osteocytes

137
Q

Fracture where there is damage to skin exposing bone

A

Compound or open fracture

138
Q

Newer osteoporosis meds _____ bind phosphates in GI tract, minimize absorption•Possible side effects include mandibular necrosis

A

Fosamax

139
Q

____ bone contains network of thin, bony trabeculae and open spaces

A

Cancellous

140
Q

Contain alkaline phosphatase, bud off osteoblasts into matrix, causing precipitation of mineral salts

A

Matrix vesicles

141
Q

Arise from stellate mesenchymal cells; grow and synthesize ground substance and fibrous extracellular matrix in cartilage

A

Chondroblasts

142
Q

When osteoid mineralizes in endochondral ossification, it forms

A

periosteal cuff

143
Q

Invasion of site by blood vessels in cartilage frequently results in death of _____ & formation of _______

A

chondrocytes; bone

144
Q

Osteoblasts responsible for synthesis of extracellular matrix & collagen, collectively referred to as

A

osteoid

145
Q

Perichondrium is made up of what cells?

A

Fibroblasts, collagen, and immature chondroblasts

146
Q

GAGs in cartilage include

A

hyaluronic acid, (non-sulfated), chondroitin sulfate & heparin sulfate

147
Q

Blood fills fracture site leads to a ______

A

hematoma

148
Q

More mature chondrocytes present at ______________

A

center of cartilage pass

149
Q

In endochondral ossification, Precursor of long bone formed of

A

hyaline cartilage

150
Q

deposit of urates & uric acid crystals in joints (especially fingers & toes);Extremely painful

A

Gout

151
Q

bone matrix doesn’t calcify normally in children during growth => soft, deformed bones; can be permanent

A

Rickets

152
Q

Exchange of metabolites occurs via diffusion through __________ which limits the thickness of mature cartilage

A

ground substance

153
Q

External surface of bone covered by ______—layer of fibrous connective tissue

A

periosteum

154
Q

progressive degeneration & loss of articular cartilage

A

Osteoarthritis

155
Q

in adults, insufficient Ca & Vit D can lead to _____ (failure of mineralization) => softening of bone

A

osteomalacia

156
Q

What hormones stimulates growth especially epiphyseal cartilage and bone; decreases blood Ca?

A

Somatotropin (pituitary growth hormone)

157
Q

In intramembranous ossification, Bone produced is______ bone—later remodeled by osteoclasts & osteoblasts to form ______ bone

A

woven; compact

158
Q

New cartilage forms at surface of pre-existing cartilage; more common

A

appositional growth

159
Q

The _____ cartilage is the precursor for bone in most of the skeleton

A

Hyaline

160
Q

______ Forms annulus fibrosus around central core of viscous ground substance, nucleus pulposus

A

concentric layers of fibrocartilage

161
Q

bony fusion of joint with loss of mobility

A

ankylosis

162
Q

In appositional growth, new chondrocytes are derived mesenchymal cells of the _________; differentiate first into chondroblasts

A

inner perichondrium

163
Q

Osteoblasts become trapped in ______ in osteoid matrix & mature into _______

A

lacunae; osteocytes

164
Q

vault of skull is made via _____ ossification

A

intramembranous ossification

165
Q

Histologically similar to hyaline cartilage (contains Type IIcollagen), with addition of large #’s of elastic fibers in extracellular matrix

A

Elastic cartilage

166
Q

loss of bone mass•Resorption by osteoclasts exceeds deposition by osteoblasts•Common problem in post-menopausal women, possibly due to ↓ estrogen levels

A

Osteoporosis

167
Q

Bone growth is controlled by what hormones?

A

growth hormone, thyroid hormone, & sex hormones

168
Q

Precursor for bone in most of skeleton; Characterized by small aggregates of chondrocytes in amorphous matrix of ground substance, reinforced with Type II collagen fibers

A

Hyaline cartilage

169
Q

Elastic cartilage contains what fibers?

A

Type 2 collagen and elastic fibers

170
Q

Cartilage Found in articular surfaces, growth plates, nasal septum, costal cartilage (ribs), tracheal & bronchial rings;

A

Hyaline

171
Q

When fracture site completely bridged by woven bone, it leads to ______

A

bony union

172
Q

Longitudinal Haversian canals are connected by ________

A

transverse Volkmann’s canals

173
Q

_______ cells and ______ secrete osteoid

A

Osteoprogenitor; osteoblasts

Histology Exam 2 (6 decks)

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