Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Epiphyseal growth plate: successive mitotic division of chondrocytes => columns of chondrocytes
A
Zone of Proliferation
2
Q
Exchange of waste & nutrients occurs in compact bone via _________
A
Haversian vessels
3
Q
Chondroblasts are trapped in ______ in cartilage
A
lacunae
4
Q
In endochondral ossification, ________ cells from periosteum migrate into medulla, along with growing blood vessels
A
Osteoprogenitor
5
Q
Bones in limbs are _____ bones
A
long
6
Q
type of bone that contains concentric layers with parallel collagen fibers
A
lamellar bone
7
Q
Nonsynovial joints are joined by ____ tissue
A
dense CT
8
Q
woven bone is transformed into ______ which helps stabilize & bind fracture together; Important to realign & stabilize, or “set” fracture before this happens
A
bony callous
9
Q
Epiphyseal growth plate: capillaries of marrow cavity grow from diaphysis into growth plateChondrocytes degenerate; lacunae invaded by osteogenic cells
A
Zone of (Cartilage) Degeneration
10
Q
2 types of lamellar bone
A
compact and cancellous
11
Q
resting mesenchymal cells, reside in periosteum& endosteum; Can differentiate into osteoblasts & osteocytes
A
Osteoprogenitor cells
12
Q
Immediately after fracture, ________ develops—pain, swelling, redness, & heat
A
inflammatory response
13
Q
In endochondral ossification, complete ossification that occurs at maturity caused by the ________
A
closure of epiphysis
14
Q
___ joint characterized by extensive movement surrounded by connective tissue capsule (joint capsule)•Lined by thin, discontinuous layer of cells, synovium; secretes a fluid; bathes articular surface•No basement membrane, so not a true epithelium; made of up to 4 cell layers of cells of mesenchymal origin
A
Synovial (diarthoses)
15
Q
Concentric layers in lamellar bone are called
A
circumferential lamellae
16
Q
Secondary function of bone and cartilage
A
protection, mineral storage, & hemopoiesis
17
Q
evolutionarily derived from notochord in chordates; Formed of concentric layers of fibrocartilage
A
intervertebral discs
18
Q
production of irregular new bone at edges of articular surfaces; limits range of motion
A
Osteophytes (bone spurs)
19
Q
Hyaline cartilage is reinforced by what fibers?
A
Type 2 collagen
20
Q
Epiphyses are composed of ______ bone and covered with ________
A
cancellous; hyaline articular cartilage
21
Q
Specialized support tissue—extracellular components are mineralized for rigidity & strength
A
Bone
22
Q
T/F: Cartilage is a vascular connective tissue
A
False; avascular
23
Q
immature form of bone characterized by random orientation of collagen fibers
A
Woven bone
24
Q
After formation of fibrous granulation tissue, Mesenchymal cells differentiate into ______, secrete matrix => progressive replacement of granulation tissue by ______ cartilage
A
chondroblasts; hyaline
25
T/F: Relative strength of bone and cartilage due to properties of ground substance & extracellular fibers
True
26
Joint that is limited movement; joined by dense connective tissue, lacks articular surface
Nonsynovial
27
Concentric bony lamellae laid down by successive layers of _____
osteoblasts
28
What hormone decreases blood calcium levels?
Calcitonin
29
Further mitotic divisions of cartilage lead to produce clusters of ________ cells in cartilage called
chondrocytes
30
Diaphysis is composed of ______ bone in the cortex and _____ bone in the medullary cavity
compact; cancellous
31
Inactive Haversian systems known as _________
interstitial systems
32
Cartilage formation begins with __________ cells that differentiate into chondroblasts
Stellate mesenchymal cells
33
What hormone stimulates osteoblast activity, inhibits osteoclasts leading to bone deposition?
Calcitonin
34
Bony remodeling is followed by invasion of the empty Haversian canal by ______
osteoblasts
35
joint that contains single layer of hyaline cartilage; Unites first rib with sternum; only one in human adult
Synchondrosis (1’ cartilage joint)
36
New cartilage forms within mass
Interstitial growth
37
After hyaline cartilage replaces granulation tissue, ______ and ______ from endosteum & periosteum at edge of wound grow inward, produce meshwork of ______ bone within provisional callous, deposit calcium salts in collagen matrix
osteoprogenitor cells & osteoblasts; woven
38
T/F: Haversian systems oriented perpendicular to long axis of bone
False; parallel
39
Epiphyseal growth plate: blood vessels from marrow cavity grow into cartilage mass;Osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts, congregate on spicules of calcified cartilage matrix to form bony trabeculae
Zone of Ossification
40
in intramembranous ossification, _______ cells differentiate into______, produce osteoid, later mineralizes into bone
Mesenchymal; osteoblasts
41
(hormone) Oversecretion can lead to gigantism, or acromegaly; undersecretion leads to pituitary dwarfism
Somatotropin (pituitary growth hormone)`
42
T/F: Vit D necessary for synthesis of collagen;
False; Vit C
43
associated with consumption of large quantities of red wine, meat,asparagus, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussel’s sprouts (high in protein and nitrogen); some diuretics used to treat hyper tension can cause it too
gout
44
Endosteal/ periosteal surface depressions where osteoclasts are found
Howship's lacunae (resorption bays)
45
Periosteum is a layer of ___________ tissue
fibrous connective tissue
46
Damage to annulus fibrosus causes nucleus pulposus to ______
herniate
47
____ part of skeletal system that is semi-rigid; derived from primitive mesenchymal cells; bone precursor
cartilage
48
Spongy & woven bone lack _______; present only in compact lamellar bone
Haversian system
49
After ~1 wk, ______ and _______ proliferate & grow into site
fibroblasts & capillaries
50
Rickets is caused by insufficient dietary _____ and/or ____
Ca and Vit D
51
Osteocytes connected by minute canals called ______ containing cytoplasmic extensions—Communicate with each other via ____________
canaliculi; gap junctions
52
Mineralized component of bone formed by inorganic salts, primarily ____ and _____, in form of ________
Ca and P; hydroxyapatite crystals
53
Osteoclasts function in Ca homeostasis by producing ______ &_______ that digest bone—secreted into ECS by ruffled border
organic acids; lysozymes
54
local, autoimmune rxn in joints => body produces Ab’s that attack joints => pain, damage to articular cartilage; thickening, inflammation of synovial membrane
Rheumatoid arthritis
55
In intramembranous ossification, ______ at periphery continue to divide, provide replacements
Osteoprogenitor cells
56
In endochondral ossification, At maturity, hormonal changes decreases _______ & cartilage plate replaced by ______
cartilage proliferation; bone
57
long bones, vertebrae, pelvis, & base of skull is made via _______ ossification
endochondral ossification
58
Outer periphery of cortical bone arranged in ______ are covered by __________
circumferential lamellae; dense connective tissue periosteum
59
Bone repair process usually takes ______ weeks
6-12 weeks
60
In endochondral ossification, 1’ center of ossification occurs in
mid-diaphysis
61
Shaft of the long bone is called the ______
diaphysis
62
Within center of each osteon is a Haversian canal containing ________
blood vessels & nerves
63
Intervertebral joints are a special type of _____
symphysis
64
Compact bone contains ______; produced via bony remodeling—removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and redeposition of new bone by osteoblasts
Haversian systems, also called osteons
65
T/F: Chondrocytes do not retain the ability to divide
False
66
large, multinucleate cells, probably derived from monocyte-Mφlineage; phagocytic; Actively involved in resorption & remodeling of bone; Usually found on endosteal/ periosteal surface in depressions, called Howship’s lacunae, or resorption bays
Osteoclasts
67
Inflammation of joints
arthritis
68
Type of cell in synovial joints that resemble macrophages
Type A (synoviocytes)
69
What kinds of cells are Osteoprogenitor cells?
resting mesenchymal cells
70
what are the 2 major forms of bone?
Woven and lamellar
71
part of Epiphyseal growth plate: hyaline cartilage with clusters of chondrocytes—no cell proliferation
Zone of Reserve Cartilage
72
fibroblasts & capillaries forms _______ tissue that becomes progressively more fibrous in chronic phase forming ________ tissue
Granulation tissue; Fibrous granulation tissue
73
Epiphyseal growth plate: chondrocytes greatly enlarge, contain large amounts of glycogen, become vacuolated & calcify
Zone of Hypertrophy (& Calcification)
74
In endochondral ossification, ________ in region of metaphysis remains “open”; Allows continuous longitudinal growth
Epiphyseal plate
75
Primary function of bone and cartilage
support & locomotion/ movement
76
direct replacement of mesenchyme by bone; no cartilage precursor
Intramembranous ossification
77
Which hormone stimulates osteoclast activity leading to bone resorption?
Parathyroid hormone
78
Bone has a high affinity for _____ and _______
heavy metals and radioactive isotopes
79
Consists of alternating layers of hyaline cartilage & dense connective tissue (contains Type I& Type II collagen); less cellular than either; Lacks perichondrium; found in intervertebral discs, some articular areas—
Fibrocartilage
80
parallel bundles of collagen fibers, extend from periosteum or Mm tendon & insert into superficial layer of bone; provide anchorage & support
Sharpey’s fibers
81
Most common glycoprotein in cartilage is _______; may have some anti-tumor properties
chondronectin
82
Matrix of hydrated cartilage, contains ~ 60-80% _____, bound to ________; accounts for its flexibility and incompressibility
H2O; proteoglycans
83
In skull, syndesmoses progressively replaced by bone to become _______
synostosis
84
GAGs of ground substance of bone consist mostly of
hyaluronic acid & chondroitin sulfate, as well as keratin sulfate
85
Mature, compact bone consists of ~ 70% ______ & 30% _______
inorganic salts; organic matrix
86
Dense fibrous tissue between bones
Syndesmosis
87
Epiphyseal growth plate: division ceases; chondrocytes ↑ in size
Zone of Maturation
88
Osteoblasts trapped within lacunae of osteoid, become _______
osteocytes
89
Ends of long bones are called
epiphysis
90
Treatment for osteoporosis includes
Oral Ca and Vit D; chondrotin, gulcosamine , and gelatin
91
In _____ ossification, Mesenchymal cells differentiate directly into osteoblasts, begin synthesizing osteoid at multiple sites, (multiple centers of ossification) within membrane—no cartilage precursor; Mineralization follows with subsequent fusion of adjacent centers of ossification
intramembranous
92
Tendency for all _____ cartilage to calcify with age, via deposition of calcium phosphate crystals within matrix; eventually replaced by bone
hyaline
93
In endochondral ossification, two secondary centers of ossification occur in _______; mineralization spreads across cartilage matrix
epiphyses
94
Thick cartilage contains blood vessels in _________
secondary cartilage canals
95
Fracture where there is bone broken in several pieces
Comminuted fracture
96
Progressive build-up of osteophytes, osteoarthritis or trauma can lead to _____
ankylosis
97
removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and redeposition of new bone by osteoblasts
bony remodeling
98
In endochondral ossification, After closure, growth plate persists as ______ in metaphysis, visible on X-rays
epiphyseal line
99
Resulting woven bone from endochondral ossification is extensively remodeled by _______ & ____ growth => lamellar bone
resorption; appostional
100
Synovial joints are made up of 4 layers of synovial cells of ________ origin
mesenchymal
101
Mature bone cells
Osteocytes
102
Fluid that bathes the articular surface of a synovial joint
synovial fluid
103
central core of viscous ground substance in the intervertebral disc
nucleus pulposus
104
roughly polygonal, mesenchymal cells derived from osteoprogenitor cells; Very basophilic due to synthesis of large amounts of protein & proteoglycans
Osteoblasts
105
Type of cartilage found in knee, mandible [TMJ], shoulder, sternum—ligaments, tendons, joint capsules, pubic symphysis)
Fibrocartilage
106
Vit C deficiency => ______; bone matrix not calcified•Can also lead to weakening of collagen in ligaments(especially periodontal ligament => loose teeth)•Breakdown of scars/ old wounds, which break open & bleed
scurvy
107
part of the long bone that is a Flared region between epiphysis & diaphysis; contains epiphyseal plate of long bones
metaphysis
108
_______ are responsible for calcification of matrix via secretion of matrix vesicles
Osteoblasts
109
Type of cartilage found in external ear, auditory & Eustacian canals, epiglottis, & larynx)
Elastic
110
What kind of fibers are found in Fibrocartilage?
Type 1 and 2 collagen
111
modified, folded plasma membrane, containing microvilli-like structures that secrete organic acids and lysozymes into ECS that are produced by osteoclasts that function in Ca homeostasis
Ruffled border
112
T/F: In endochondral ossification, Calcification of cartilage matrix inhibits diffusion of nutrients that leads to death of chondrocytes & spread of osteoblasts
True
113
replacement of articular cartilage with fibrovascular tissue
Pannus
114
Consists of several distinct zones in transition from cartilage to bone
Epiphyseal growth plate
115
What is the last long bone in humans to close around 18-20?
femur
116
Periosteum contains what cells?
fibroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells
117
In acute phase (first few days) ______ first to arrive, infiltrate hematoma, then (both phagocytic) to clean up site of injury
neutrophils; macrophages
118
Woven bone is later remodeled into _____ bone
lamellar
119
Treatment of scurvy
Fruits and Veg high in VIt C (citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, limes; also guavas)
120
Fracture where there is no break in skin
Simple or closed fracture
121
Internal marrow cavity of bones lined by
endosteum
122
Repair in cartilage is limited because repair requires blood flow; this results in production of _________ tissue
dense connective tissue
123
Type of cell in synovial joints resemble fibroblasts
Type B
124
replacement of cartilage precursor by bone
Endochondral ossification
125
Bony callous progressively remodelled into _______
mature lamellar bone
126
Clusters of chondrocytes that can be separated by extracellular matrix (territorial vs. interterritorial) are called
isogenous groups
127
pitting, erosion => pain, swelling, thickening of joint capsule; occurs following osteoarthritis
eburnation
128
Cartilage contains extracellular matrix of amorphous ground substance containing ________
collagen
129
Which hormone increases blood calcium and decreases renal excretion by kidneys?
Parathyroid hormone
130
Varying levels of _____ and ______ produce the different types of cartilage
matrix; fibers
131
Part of the long bone that contains red (hematopoietic) marrow or yellow (fatty) marrow
Medullary cavity
132
Peripheral zone of dense connective tissue containing fibroblasts, collagen, and immature chondroblasts; surrounds cartilage
Perichondrium
133
Thin continuous later of cells surrounding synovial joint
synovium
134
joint that contains two hyaline cartilage surfaces connected by fibrocartilage plate
Symphysis—(2’cartilage joint)
135
Outer margin of osteon is delimited by the ______
cement line
136
Osteoblasts mature into ______ within lacunae after matrix mineralizes
osteocytes
137
Fracture where there is damage to skin exposing bone
Compound or open fracture
138
Newer osteoporosis meds _____ bind phosphates in GI tract, minimize absorption•Possible side effects include mandibular necrosis
Fosamax
139
____ bone contains network of thin, bony trabeculae and open spaces
Cancellous
140
Contain alkaline phosphatase, bud off osteoblasts into matrix, causing precipitation of mineral salts
Matrix vesicles
141
Arise from stellate mesenchymal cells; grow and synthesize ground substance and fibrous extracellular matrix in cartilage
Chondroblasts
142
When osteoid mineralizes in endochondral ossification, it forms
periosteal cuff
143
Invasion of site by blood vessels in cartilage frequently results in death of _____ & formation of _______
chondrocytes; bone
144
Osteoblasts responsible for synthesis of extracellular matrix & collagen, collectively referred to as
osteoid
145
Perichondrium is made up of what cells?
Fibroblasts, collagen, and immature chondroblasts
146
GAGs in cartilage include
hyaluronic acid, (non-sulfated), chondroitin sulfate & heparin sulfate
147
Blood fills fracture site leads to a ______
hematoma
148
More mature chondrocytes present at ______________
center of cartilage pass
149
In endochondral ossification, Precursor of long bone formed of
hyaline cartilage
150
deposit of urates & uric acid crystals in joints (especially fingers & toes);Extremely painful
Gout
151
bone matrix doesn’t calcify normally in children during growth => soft, deformed bones; can be permanent
Rickets
152
Exchange of metabolites occurs via diffusion through __________ which limits the thickness of mature cartilage
ground substance
153
External surface of bone covered by ______—layer of fibrous connective tissue
periosteum
154
progressive degeneration & loss of articular cartilage
Osteoarthritis
155
in adults, insufficient Ca & Vit D can lead to _____ (failure of mineralization) => softening of bone
osteomalacia
156
What hormones stimulates growth especially epiphyseal cartilage and bone; decreases blood Ca?
Somatotropin (pituitary growth hormone)
157
In intramembranous ossification, Bone produced is______ bone—later remodeled by osteoclasts & osteoblasts to form ______ bone
woven; compact
158
New cartilage forms at surface of pre-existing cartilage; more common
appositional growth
159
The _____ cartilage is the precursor for bone in most of the skeleton
Hyaline
160
______ Forms annulus fibrosus around central core of viscous ground substance, nucleus pulposus
concentric layers of fibrocartilage
161
bony fusion of joint with loss of mobility
ankylosis
162
In appositional growth, new chondrocytes are derived mesenchymal cells of the _________; differentiate first into chondroblasts
inner perichondrium
163
Osteoblasts become trapped in ______ in osteoid matrix & mature into _______
lacunae; osteocytes
164
vault of skull is made via _____ ossification
intramembranous ossification
165
Histologically similar to hyaline cartilage (contains Type IIcollagen), with addition of large #’s of elastic fibers in extracellular matrix
Elastic cartilage
166
loss of bone mass•Resorption by osteoclasts exceeds deposition by osteoblasts•Common problem in post-menopausal women, possibly due to ↓ estrogen levels
Osteoporosis
167
Bone growth is controlled by what hormones?
growth hormone, thyroid hormone, & sex hormones
168
Precursor for bone in most of skeleton; Characterized by small aggregates of chondrocytes in amorphous matrix of ground substance, reinforced with Type II collagen fibers
Hyaline cartilage
169
Elastic cartilage contains what fibers?
Type 2 collagen and elastic fibers
170
Cartilage Found in articular surfaces, growth plates, nasal septum, costal cartilage (ribs), tracheal & bronchial rings;
Hyaline
171
When fracture site completely bridged by woven bone, it leads to ______
bony union
172
Longitudinal Haversian canals are connected by ________
transverse Volkmann’s canals
173
_______ cells and ______ secrete osteoid
Osteoprogenitor; osteoblasts
