Respiratory System Flashcards
Emphysema is initiated by __________ that leads to destruction of alveolar wall
Initiated by chronic inhalation of particulate matter (dust, smoke), mucus accumulation
T/F: Air in upper respiratory tract, trachea, & bronchi used for gas exchange
False
What happens to cilia in a smoker’s lung
lose synchronicity then die
What are the 2 treatments for choking?
Heimlich or tracheostomy
Respiratory epithelium is made up of _________ epithelium with numerous _____ cells
pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium; goblet cells
Alveoli are thin-walled structures surrounded by rich capillary network, supplied by ______ artery
pulmonary A
Deep to mucosa is smooth Mm layer
muscularis mucosae
______ is characterized by chronic airway obstruction, inflammation or irritation & ↑ responsiveness => exaggerated bronchoconstriction•Initiated by formation of Ag-Ab complexes on cell membranes, require phagocytosis
Asthma
Mucus production is ________ in response to smoking
increased
Cartilage absent beyond _______ bronchi
tertiary
can be identified by presence of supporting cartilage rings or plates & accompanying layer of smooth M +/- sero-mucus glands
Bronchi
thin, dome-shaped muscle, separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity in mammals
Diaphragm
Walls between alveoli called
alveolar septa
Primary cause of lung cancer
smoking
produced by eosinophils that inhibits mast cell degranulation
eosinophil derived inhibitor
Function of clara cells
Produce lipoproteins, 1’ components of surfactant within airways
Mediastinum is made of _____ tissue
loose CT
Asbestos inhalation has also been linked to benign and malignant _______
mesothelioma
contains thin, scroll-shaped bones, nasal turbinates/ conchae
nasal cavity
Consists of Type I pneumocytes of alveoli, endothelial cells lining capillaries, & shared, fused basement membrane
air-blood barrier
Air in upper respiratory tract, trachea, & bronchi not used for gas exchange —called _______—has average volume of ~150 ml
anatomical dead space
Nasopharynx connects to middle ear via ______; these allow equilibration of air pressure
auditory(Eustacian) tubes
replacement of one tissue type by another; More resist to physical stress•Can be incited by physical trauma (chronic coughing), chemical, or thermal insult (smoking)
metaplasia
T/F: False vocal chords located inferior & lateral to true vocal chords
False; superior
fluid within pleural space ~ lungs => horizontal fluid line
pleural effusion
n addition to phonation (speech), vocal folds protect lower respiratory tract from _________
entry of foreign bodies
Mesothelium overlays a thin layer of ______ tissue containing ______ fibers
connective tissue; elastic fibers
T/F: Pleural space normally contains partial vacuum => positive intrathoracic pressure, assists with inspiration
False; negative
Nasal cavity also contains _______ (bipolar neurons) for sense of smell; synapse with ________ nerve
olfactory receptors; olfactory N (CN I)
T/F: As bronchioles get smaller, general trend towards thinning of epithelium with loss of goblet cells
True
Alveolar ducts contain numerous alveoli lined with _________ epithelium
simple, squamous epithelium
originally seen in coal miners, from inhaling “anthracite” coal dust; now common in urban environments
Anthracosis
Destruction of alveolar wall in emphysema is Due to release of lysosomal enzymes from what cells?
neutrophils & Mφ
What types of cartilage are found in larynx?
Hyaline and elastic
Trachea is lined by ______ epithelium with numerous _____ cells and _______ glands
respiratory epithelium; goblet cells; seromucus glands
Primary components of surfactant within airways
lipoproteins
Characterized by permanent enlargement of alveoli => bulla formation;Caused by chronic obstruction of air flow => destruction of alveolar septa & ↓ surface area for gas exchange•Initiated by chronic inhalation of particulate matter (dust, smoke), mucus accumulation => destruction of alveolar wall•Due to release of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils & Mφ•Most common cause is smoking
Emphysema
~5% of surface area of lung lined by _________ —larger, rounded, dome-shaped cells
Type II pneumocytes
Lower respiratory tract begins at the
larynx
Respiratory system derived from
laryngotracheal groove
Secondary functions of respiratory system include
olfaction (sense of smell) in nasal cavity & phonation (vocalization—speech) from larynx (voicebox)
_________ in bronchiles performs support function instead; several levels
smooth Mm
Digestive tract intersects with respiratory system where upper & lower respiratory tracts meet at
larynx
Decreased production of pleural fluid that causes damage to pleura; usually happens with pneumonia
pleurisy
In Tuberculosis are surrounded by what types of inflammatory cell primarily
macrophages
Second system of pleural lymphatics within ________ drains pleural space
visceral pleura
are scattered throughout respiratory tract •Part of diffuse enteroendocrine system—secrete various GI hormones•Historical remnants of evolutionary origins from gut•Also small #’s of brush cells—generalized sensory cells (columnar, with apical microvilli)
Kulchitsky or K cells
most of epiglottis & true vocal chords covered by ________ epithelium
stratified, squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium
With ______—intercostal Mm contract, raise ribs; simultaneously, diaphragm contracts (lowers) => ↑intrathoracic volume => negative pressure in thorax
inspiration
With _______—intercostal Mm relax, lower ribs; diaphragm relaxes (raises) => ↓ intrathoracic volume => ↑ intrathoracic pressure
expiration
Primary functions of respiratory system include
air conduction, filtration, & gas exchange
Embryologically, respiratory tract originates as outgrowth of ______
GI tract
Nasal cavity/ conchae are lined with moist, _____ epithelium covered by _____
pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium; mucus
The hyaline cartilage on trachea faces ______ to facilitate
caudally
Prominent in smaller airways of respiratory bronchioles & alveolar ducts as ________; Controls luminal diameter of airways & resistance to airflow, regulates alveolar air movement, takes over support function of cartilage
alveolar rings
Alveolar ducts & alveoli lined by ________ epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
T/F: No direct lymphatic drainage of alveoli
True
Irritation to upper airways (nasal passages) triggers _____ reflex
sneeze
Also function as reserve stem cells capable of differentiating into other respiratory cells following damage
clara cells
fluid within alveoli of lungs => interstitial pattern
pulmonary edema
Throughout respiratory tract, lymphoid aggregates—BALT or MALT—found in
lamina propria—layer of subepithelial connective tissue
lack cartilage & sero-mucus glands
Bronchioles
All bronchi lined by ______ epithelium with ______ cells & _______ glands
respiratory epithelium, goblet cells, and submucosal seromucus glands
Cartilage provides support for _____, _____, and ______ —prevents collapse during inspiration
larynx, trachea, & bronchi
Air within alveolus separated from blood within capillaries by 2 cell layers called _________
air-blood barrier
95% of alveolar surface area covered by simple squamous epithelium consisting of ________
Type I pneumocytes
Entire upper respiratory tract is lined by ______ epithelium
respiratory epithelium
Primary function of MALT
secretion of IgA onto mucosal surface—provides protection from micro-organisms
Portion of larynx derived from 4th arch is innervated by _______ nerve
superior laryngeal N
Eosinophils counteract effects of histamine with ____ & ______
histaminase (neutralizes histamine), & eosinophil derived inhibitor
What are the 3 paired cartilages of larynx?
arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform
portion of larynx derived from 6th arch is innervated by ________ nerve
recurrent laryngeal N
Olfactory epithelium also contains small #’s of _______ cells, columnar cells with apical microvilli; Generalized sensory cells of olfactory & respiratory epithelia
brush cells
_______ protects trachea during swallowing; covers opening of larynx
epiglottis
____ and _____ are caused by lymphatic obstruction of pleura
Pleural effusion and pleural edema
are “sinus hairs”, meaning the hair follicle is surrounded by a blood-filled sinus•Large sensory hairs; not found in humans
Vibrissae
If food enters larynx or trachea, triggers coughing reflex; may lead to _______
choking
, a phospholipid, which ↓ surface tension & keeps cells moist for gas exchange
surfactant
Gas exchange begins at level of
respiratory bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles possess _______ epithelium
tall, pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium
loose connective tissue layer, separating L & R hemithoraces
mediastinum
silicosis from inhaled silica particles; 1’ sources—coal dust & asbestos
Silicosis & asbestosis
Irritation to lower airways (trachea & bronchi) triggers ______ reflex
cough
________ counteract effects of histamine with histaminase (neutralizes histamine), & eosinophil derived inhibitor (inhibits mast cell degranulation), etc.
Eosinophils
Hairs contained in the vestibule of the upper respiratory tract that help filter and trap particulate matter are called
sinus hairs
False vocal chords covered by typical _____ epithelium with associated ______ glands
respiratory epithelium; sero-mucus
_______ contains hairs, help filter & trap particulate matter; part of upper respiratory tract
Vestibule
thin, scroll-shaped bones within the nasal cavity
nasal turbinates/ conchae
Respiratory bronchioles possess ______ epithelium with occasional alveoli
simple, cuboidal to columnar, ciliated & non-ciliated epithelium
Bronchioles air flow
3’ or segmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles,alveolar ducts,alveolar sacs/ alveoli
formation of multifocal nodules or tubercles; Bacterial foci surrounded by inflammatory cells, especially macrophages, walled off by fibrotic capsule; Highly contagious, especially among primates
Tuberculosis
What cell are typically increased in pneumonia?
neutrophils and macrophages
Breach of pleural space is called _______; leads to positive intrathoracic pressure, difficulty breathing & collapsed lung•Remains unilateral due to mediastinum
pneumothorax
Respiratory epithelium is supported by underlying _________
lamina propria of loose CT
Bronchitis, asthma, & emphysema collectively referred to as
COPD
Throughout lung are small to moderate #’s of _______ cells; Phagocytize particulate matter & microorganisms•Eliminated from lung at rate of ~50 million/day, via mucocilliary ladder
alveolar Mφ(= dust cells)
Prevents sticking together of bronchiole walls
surfactant
Respiratory system Develops along ____________ ~ 4thweek of development
ventral midline of posterior pharynx
Opening of esophagus is directly behind opening of
trachea
Septa contain _______; communicating spaces between alveoli
alveolar pores
______ vocal chords contain vocalis M & ligament
True
In terminal & respiratory bronchioles, goblet cells are replaced by _____ cells—non-ciliated, dome-shaped, cuboidal to columnar cells
Clara cells
Both _____ and _____ are common with pneumonia
Pleural effusion and pleural edema
______ is supported by C-shaped rings of hyalinecartilage, face caudally to facilitate swallowing
Trachea
indirect lymph drainage of alveoli if from ______
interstitium of interalveolar septa
Contents of Type II pneumocytes are secreted as ________
surfactant
cilia that compose the mucociliary ladder in respiratory epithelium of trachea & bronchi synchronously beat in
metachronal rhythm
The caudal opening contains _________ membrane, ______ muscle, and _______ muscle
CT membrane, smooth muscle, and trachealis muscle
Air enters upper respiratory tract at ______—open into _______
nostrils (external nares); vestibule
Sharp crystals, difficult to phagocytose lead to __________ due to accumulation of silicic acid in lungs, which stimulates fibroblast proliferation & collagen production
pulmonary fibrosis
Respiration divided into ______ respiration & _______ respiration
mechanical; cellular
flattened epithelial cells modified for gas exchange
Type I pneumocytes
Inferior to larynx is; lined by respiratory epithelium with numerous goblet cells & seromucus glands
trachea
How are alveolar Mφ/dust cells eliminated from the lung?
mucocilliary ladder
____ House both true & false vocal folds(chords); Located below glottis (dorsal opening of larynx), & covered by epiglottis
Larynx
Subdivisions of trachea
1’ or mainstem bronchi2’ or lobar bronchi3’ or segmental bronchi
In asthma, Increased respiration, irritation causes mast cells to release _____ and _____ => smooth Mm contraction of bronchioles & vasodilation => acute asthma attack
histamine & SRS
Sites of gas exchange around 200 micrometer
alveolar sacs/ alveoli
Respiratory system Grows into & interacts with surrounding
mesoderm
What are the 3 single cartilages of larynx?
thyroid, cricoid and epitglottic
COPD is the collective of what 3 things?
Bronchitis, asthma, & emphysema
cilia in respiratory epithelium of trachea & bronchi synchronously beat in metachronal rhythm compose the _______; Moves surface mucus towards larynx at rate of ~1 cm/min
Mucociliary ladder
Chronic obstruction of air flow from emphysema leads to
destruction of alveolar septa & ↓ surface area for gas exchange
bacterial &/or viral infection of lung with ↑ inflammatory cell infiltrate (esp. neutrophils & Mφ)
Pneumonia
Type II pneumocytes Possess intracytoplasmic granules, called _________, containing phospholipid
lamellar bodies
Metaplasia is the first step in ______
neoplasia
Larynx & epiglottis develop from
4th & 6th pharyngeal arches
What type of cartilage are the C-shaped rings of trachea?
Hyaline cartilage
Lack of surfactant primary respiratory problem for premature infants leads to ________
respiratory distress syndrome
fibrosis, thickening of airways
Bronchitis
Adhesions between visceral & parietal pleura cause ________
connective tissue tags
Two layers (visceral & parietal) separated by space called the
pleural space
Larynx is innervated by branches of _____ nerve
vagus (CN X)
_______ respiration is associated with lungs—functions in gas exchange (O2 & CO2)•O2 carried to tissues for cellular respiration
Mechanical respiration
produced by eosinophils that neutralizes histamine
histaminase
pleural space contains ______ that acts as lubricant, ↓ friction
pleural fluid
Pleural cavities lined by
simple, squamous to cuboidal mesothelium
After the nasal cavity, Air then travels into _____ and ________ that Collectively filter, humidify, & warm inspired air
paranasal sinuses & nasopharynx (series of interconnected spaces)
Pleura lining thoracic wall is
parietal pleura
Respiratory system Later develops into _________, an outgrowth of esophagus
respiratory diverticulum
continuous with outer surface of lung as
visceral pleura
Over time, normal pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium of URT replaced by ________ epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
What cells are present in large #’s in submucosa in asthmatics; can be present with other inflammatory cells
Mast cells & eosinophils
lamina propria of loose CT underlying respiratory epithelium contains mostly ______ glands
sero-mucus
