Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology Exam 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Emphysema is initiated by __________ that leads to destruction of alveolar wall

A

Initiated by chronic inhalation of particulate matter (dust, smoke), mucus accumulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T/F: Air in upper respiratory tract, trachea, & bronchi used for gas exchange

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens to cilia in a smoker’s lung

A

lose synchronicity then die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 treatments for choking?

A

Heimlich or tracheostomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Respiratory epithelium is made up of _________ epithelium with numerous _____ cells

A

pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium; goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alveoli are thin-walled structures surrounded by rich capillary network, supplied by ______ artery

A

pulmonary A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Deep to mucosa is smooth Mm layer

A

muscularis mucosae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

______ is characterized by chronic airway obstruction, inflammation or irritation & ↑ responsiveness => exaggerated bronchoconstriction•Initiated by formation of Ag-Ab complexes on cell membranes, require phagocytosis

A

Asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mucus production is ________ in response to smoking

A

increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cartilage absent beyond _______ bronchi

A

tertiary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

can be identified by presence of supporting cartilage rings or plates & accompanying layer of smooth M +/- sero-mucus glands

A

Bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

thin, dome-shaped muscle, separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity in mammals

A

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Walls between alveoli called

A

alveolar septa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Primary cause of lung cancer

A

smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

produced by eosinophils that inhibits mast cell degranulation

A

eosinophil derived inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of clara cells

A

Produce lipoproteins, 1’ components of surfactant within airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mediastinum is made of _____ tissue

A

loose CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Asbestos inhalation has also been linked to benign and malignant _______

A

mesothelioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

contains thin, scroll-shaped bones, nasal turbinates/ conchae

A

nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Consists of Type I pneumocytes of alveoli, endothelial cells lining capillaries, & shared, fused basement membrane

A

air-blood barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Air in upper respiratory tract, trachea, & bronchi not used for gas exchange —called _______—has average volume of ~150 ml

A

anatomical dead space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nasopharynx connects to middle ear via ______; these allow equilibration of air pressure

A

auditory(Eustacian) tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

replacement of one tissue type by another; More resist to physical stress•Can be incited by physical trauma (chronic coughing), chemical, or thermal insult (smoking)

A

metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F: False vocal chords located inferior & lateral to true vocal chords

A

False; superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

fluid within pleural space ~ lungs => horizontal fluid line

A

pleural effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

n addition to phonation (speech), vocal folds protect lower respiratory tract from _________

A

entry of foreign bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mesothelium overlays a thin layer of ______ tissue containing ______ fibers

A

connective tissue; elastic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

T/F: Pleural space normally contains partial vacuum => positive intrathoracic pressure, assists with inspiration

A

False; negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Nasal cavity also contains _______ (bipolar neurons) for sense of smell; synapse with ________ nerve

A

olfactory receptors; olfactory N (CN I)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

T/F: As bronchioles get smaller, general trend towards thinning of epithelium with loss of goblet cells

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Alveolar ducts contain numerous alveoli lined with _________ epithelium

A

simple, squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

originally seen in coal miners, from inhaling “anthracite” coal dust; now common in urban environments

A

Anthracosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Destruction of alveolar wall in emphysema is Due to release of lysosomal enzymes from what cells?

A

neutrophils & Mφ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What types of cartilage are found in larynx?

A

Hyaline and elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Trachea is lined by ______ epithelium with numerous _____ cells and _______ glands

A

respiratory epithelium; goblet cells; seromucus glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Primary components of surfactant within airways

A

lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Characterized by permanent enlargement of alveoli => bulla formation;Caused by chronic obstruction of air flow => destruction of alveolar septa & ↓ surface area for gas exchange•Initiated by chronic inhalation of particulate matter (dust, smoke), mucus accumulation => destruction of alveolar wall•Due to release of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils & Mφ•Most common cause is smoking

A

Emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

~5% of surface area of lung lined by _________ —larger, rounded, dome-shaped cells

A

Type II pneumocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Lower respiratory tract begins at the

A

larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Respiratory system derived from

A

laryngotracheal groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Secondary functions of respiratory system include

A

olfaction (sense of smell) in nasal cavity & phonation (vocalization—speech) from larynx (voicebox)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

_________ in bronchiles performs support function instead; several levels

A

smooth Mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Digestive tract intersects with respiratory system where upper & lower respiratory tracts meet at

A

larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Decreased production of pleural fluid that causes damage to pleura; usually happens with pneumonia

A

pleurisy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

In Tuberculosis are surrounded by what types of inflammatory cell primarily

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Second system of pleural lymphatics within ________ drains pleural space

A

visceral pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

are scattered throughout respiratory tract •Part of diffuse enteroendocrine system—secrete various GI hormones•Historical remnants of evolutionary origins from gut•Also small #’s of brush cells—generalized sensory cells (columnar, with apical microvilli)

A

Kulchitsky or K cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

most of epiglottis & true vocal chords covered by ________ epithelium

A

stratified, squamous, nonkeratinized epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

With ______—intercostal Mm contract, raise ribs; simultaneously, diaphragm contracts (lowers) => ↑intrathoracic volume => negative pressure in thorax

A

inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

With _______—intercostal Mm relax, lower ribs; diaphragm relaxes (raises) => ↓ intrathoracic volume => ↑ intrathoracic pressure

A

expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Primary functions of respiratory system include

A

air conduction, filtration, & gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Embryologically, respiratory tract originates as outgrowth of ______

A

GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Nasal cavity/ conchae are lined with moist, _____ epithelium covered by _____

A

pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium; mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The hyaline cartilage on trachea faces ______ to facilitate

A

caudally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Prominent in smaller airways of respiratory bronchioles & alveolar ducts as ________; Controls luminal diameter of airways & resistance to airflow, regulates alveolar air movement, takes over support function of cartilage

A

alveolar rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Alveolar ducts & alveoli lined by ________ epithelium

A

simple squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

T/F: No direct lymphatic drainage of alveoli

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Irritation to upper airways (nasal passages) triggers _____ reflex

A

sneeze

59
Q

Also function as reserve stem cells capable of differentiating into other respiratory cells following damage

A

clara cells

60
Q

fluid within alveoli of lungs => interstitial pattern

A

pulmonary edema

61
Q

Throughout respiratory tract, lymphoid aggregates—BALT or MALT—found in

A

lamina propria—layer of subepithelial connective tissue

62
Q

lack cartilage & sero-mucus glands

A

Bronchioles

63
Q

All bronchi lined by ______ epithelium with ______ cells & _______ glands

A

respiratory epithelium, goblet cells, and submucosal seromucus glands

64
Q

Cartilage provides support for _____, _____, and ______ —prevents collapse during inspiration

A

larynx, trachea, & bronchi

65
Q

Air within alveolus separated from blood within capillaries by 2 cell layers called _________

A

air-blood barrier

66
Q

95% of alveolar surface area covered by simple squamous epithelium consisting of ________

A

Type I pneumocytes

67
Q

Entire upper respiratory tract is lined by ______ epithelium

A

respiratory epithelium

68
Q

Primary function of MALT

A

secretion of IgA onto mucosal surface—provides protection from micro-organisms

69
Q

Portion of larynx derived from 4th arch is innervated by _______ nerve

A

superior laryngeal N

70
Q

Eosinophils counteract effects of histamine with ____ & ______

A

histaminase (neutralizes histamine), & eosinophil derived inhibitor

71
Q

What are the 3 paired cartilages of larynx?

A

arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform

72
Q

portion of larynx derived from 6th arch is innervated by ________ nerve

A

recurrent laryngeal N

73
Q

Olfactory epithelium also contains small #’s of _______ cells, columnar cells with apical microvilli; Generalized sensory cells of olfactory & respiratory epithelia

A

brush cells

74
Q

_______ protects trachea during swallowing; covers opening of larynx

A

epiglottis

75
Q

____ and _____ are caused by lymphatic obstruction of pleura

A

Pleural effusion and pleural edema

76
Q

are “sinus hairs”, meaning the hair follicle is surrounded by a blood-filled sinus•Large sensory hairs; not found in humans

A

Vibrissae

77
Q

If food enters larynx or trachea, triggers coughing reflex; may lead to _______

A

choking

78
Q

, a phospholipid, which ↓ surface tension & keeps cells moist for gas exchange

A

surfactant

79
Q

Gas exchange begins at level of

A

respiratory bronchioles

80
Q

Terminal bronchioles possess _______ epithelium

A

tall, pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium

81
Q

loose connective tissue layer, separating L & R hemithoraces

A

mediastinum

82
Q

silicosis from inhaled silica particles; 1’ sources—coal dust & asbestos

A

Silicosis & asbestosis

83
Q

Irritation to lower airways (trachea & bronchi) triggers ______ reflex

A

cough

84
Q

________ counteract effects of histamine with histaminase (neutralizes histamine), & eosinophil derived inhibitor (inhibits mast cell degranulation), etc.

A

Eosinophils

85
Q

Hairs contained in the vestibule of the upper respiratory tract that help filter and trap particulate matter are called

A

sinus hairs

86
Q

False vocal chords covered by typical _____ epithelium with associated ______ glands

A

respiratory epithelium; sero-mucus

87
Q

_______ contains hairs, help filter & trap particulate matter; part of upper respiratory tract

A

Vestibule

88
Q

thin, scroll-shaped bones within the nasal cavity

A

nasal turbinates/ conchae

89
Q

Respiratory bronchioles possess ______ epithelium with occasional alveoli

A

simple, cuboidal to columnar, ciliated & non-ciliated epithelium

90
Q

Bronchioles air flow

A

3’ or segmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles,alveolar ducts,alveolar sacs/ alveoli

91
Q

formation of multifocal nodules or tubercles; Bacterial foci surrounded by inflammatory cells, especially macrophages, walled off by fibrotic capsule; Highly contagious, especially among primates

A

Tuberculosis

92
Q

What cell are typically increased in pneumonia?

A

neutrophils and macrophages

93
Q

Breach of pleural space is called _______; leads to positive intrathoracic pressure, difficulty breathing & collapsed lung•Remains unilateral due to mediastinum

A

pneumothorax

94
Q

Respiratory epithelium is supported by underlying _________

A

lamina propria of loose CT

95
Q

Bronchitis, asthma, & emphysema collectively referred to as

A

COPD

96
Q

Throughout lung are small to moderate #’s of _______ cells; Phagocytize particulate matter & microorganisms•Eliminated from lung at rate of ~50 million/day, via mucocilliary ladder

A

alveolar Mφ(= dust cells)

97
Q

Prevents sticking together of bronchiole walls

A

surfactant

98
Q

Respiratory system Develops along ____________ ~ 4thweek of development

A

ventral midline of posterior pharynx

99
Q

Opening of esophagus is directly behind opening of

A

trachea

100
Q

Septa contain _______; communicating spaces between alveoli

A

alveolar pores

101
Q

______ vocal chords contain vocalis M & ligament

A

True

102
Q

In terminal & respiratory bronchioles, goblet cells are replaced by _____ cells—non-ciliated, dome-shaped, cuboidal to columnar cells

A

Clara cells

103
Q

Both _____ and _____ are common with pneumonia

A

Pleural effusion and pleural edema

104
Q

______ is supported by C-shaped rings of hyalinecartilage, face caudally to facilitate swallowing

A

Trachea

105
Q

indirect lymph drainage of alveoli if from ______

A

interstitium of interalveolar septa

106
Q

Contents of Type II pneumocytes are secreted as ________

A

surfactant

107
Q

cilia that compose the mucociliary ladder in respiratory epithelium of trachea & bronchi synchronously beat in

A

metachronal rhythm

108
Q

The caudal opening contains _________ membrane, ______ muscle, and _______ muscle

A

CT membrane, smooth muscle, and trachealis muscle

109
Q

Air enters upper respiratory tract at ______—open into _______

A

nostrils (external nares); vestibule

110
Q

Sharp crystals, difficult to phagocytose lead to __________ due to accumulation of silicic acid in lungs, which stimulates fibroblast proliferation & collagen production

A

pulmonary fibrosis

111
Q

Respiration divided into ______ respiration & _______ respiration

A

mechanical; cellular

112
Q

flattened epithelial cells modified for gas exchange

A

Type I pneumocytes

113
Q

Inferior to larynx is; lined by respiratory epithelium with numerous goblet cells & seromucus glands

A

trachea

114
Q

How are alveolar Mφ/dust cells eliminated from the lung?

A

mucocilliary ladder

115
Q

____ House both true & false vocal folds(chords); Located below glottis (dorsal opening of larynx), & covered by epiglottis

A

Larynx

116
Q

Subdivisions of trachea

A

1’ or mainstem bronchi2’ or lobar bronchi3’ or segmental bronchi

117
Q

In asthma, Increased respiration, irritation causes mast cells to release _____ and _____ => smooth Mm contraction of bronchioles & vasodilation => acute asthma attack

A

histamine & SRS

118
Q

Sites of gas exchange around 200 micrometer

A

alveolar sacs/ alveoli

119
Q

Respiratory system Grows into & interacts with surrounding

A

mesoderm

120
Q

What are the 3 single cartilages of larynx?

A

thyroid, cricoid and epitglottic

121
Q

COPD is the collective of what 3 things?

A

Bronchitis, asthma, & emphysema

122
Q

cilia in respiratory epithelium of trachea & bronchi synchronously beat in metachronal rhythm compose the _______; Moves surface mucus towards larynx at rate of ~1 cm/min

A

Mucociliary ladder

123
Q

Chronic obstruction of air flow from emphysema leads to

A

destruction of alveolar septa & ↓ surface area for gas exchange

124
Q

bacterial &/or viral infection of lung with ↑ inflammatory cell infiltrate (esp. neutrophils & Mφ)

A

Pneumonia

125
Q

Type II pneumocytes Possess intracytoplasmic granules, called _________, containing phospholipid

A

lamellar bodies

126
Q

Metaplasia is the first step in ______

A

neoplasia

127
Q

Larynx & epiglottis develop from

A

4th & 6th pharyngeal arches

128
Q

What type of cartilage are the C-shaped rings of trachea?

A

Hyaline cartilage

129
Q

Lack of surfactant primary respiratory problem for premature infants leads to ________

A

respiratory distress syndrome

130
Q

fibrosis, thickening of airways

A

Bronchitis

131
Q

Adhesions between visceral & parietal pleura cause ________

A

connective tissue tags

132
Q

Two layers (visceral & parietal) separated by space called the

A

pleural space

133
Q

Larynx is innervated by branches of _____ nerve

A

vagus (CN X)

134
Q

_______ respiration is associated with lungs—functions in gas exchange (O2 & CO2)•O2 carried to tissues for cellular respiration

A

Mechanical respiration

135
Q

produced by eosinophils that neutralizes histamine

A

histaminase

136
Q

pleural space contains ______ that acts as lubricant, ↓ friction

A

pleural fluid

137
Q

Pleural cavities lined by

A

simple, squamous to cuboidal mesothelium

138
Q

After the nasal cavity, Air then travels into _____ and ________ that Collectively filter, humidify, & warm inspired air

A

paranasal sinuses & nasopharynx (series of interconnected spaces)

139
Q

Pleura lining thoracic wall is

A

parietal pleura

140
Q

Respiratory system Later develops into _________, an outgrowth of esophagus

A

respiratory diverticulum

141
Q

continuous with outer surface of lung as

A

visceral pleura

142
Q

Over time, normal pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium of URT replaced by ________ epithelium

A

stratified squamous epithelium

143
Q

What cells are present in large #’s in submucosa in asthmatics; can be present with other inflammatory cells

A

Mast cells & eosinophils

144
Q

lamina propria of loose CT underlying respiratory epithelium contains mostly ______ glands

A

sero-mucus

Histology Exam 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions