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Tissues > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main functions of the skin?

A

Protection against water/infection/UV
Detect sensory stimuli
Thermoregulation (e.g sweat)
Prevent dehydration

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2
Q

What are the three layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis and subcutis/hypodermis

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3
Q

Are there blood vessels in epidermis?

A

No

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4
Q

What sort of epithelium is epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium with keratinised upper layer

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5
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.

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6
Q

How are cells of the stratum basale attached to the basement membrane?

A

Hemidesmosomes

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7
Q

What shape are the stratum basale ?

A

Cuboidal/columnar

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8
Q

What cells are in the stratum basale?

A

Stem cells and melanocytes

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9
Q

What happens to cells in the stratum basale?

A

Divide and differentiate to form keratinocytes

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10
Q

What cells are in the stratum spinosum?

A

Prickle cells (keratin producing)

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11
Q

What is highly expressed in the stratum spinosum

A

Keratin

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12
Q

What do desmosomes interact with

A

Keratin filaments

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13
Q

What do cells in the straum granulosum contain

A

Keratohyaline granules

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14
Q

What happens when stratum granulosum die?

A

Contents of granules and tonofilamnets form cross linked keratin under keratinocyte membrane

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15
Q

What is constantly happening to stratum corneum?

A

Shed and replaced by new keratinocytes from deeper layers which die forming keratin plates

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16
Q

What is the turnover from basal layer to desquamated keratin

A

25 days in feet (large impact) 45 days for back

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17
Q

In thick skin, which layer is thicker?

A

Stratum corneum

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18
Q

What do keratohyaline granules consist of ?

A

Specialised linking proteins that cross link each other and keratin tonofilaments, when cells die they release contents allowing cross linking with keratin filaments, cornified layer

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19
Q

What do keratinocytes become?

A

Corneocytes that make up the stratum corneum, after keratinoytes complete their differentiation programme, lose nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles.

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20
Q

What cell junctions are present?

A

Tight junctions in upper layers to maintain barrier. Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes for structural integrity.

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21
Q

What do melanocytes do in epidermis?

A

Synthesise melanin in granules (in basal layer)

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22
Q

What happens to melanin in granules in melanocytes?

A

Advance along cytoplasmic processes into cytoplasm of basal and prickle cell keratinocytes, melanin passed into other cell via projections

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23
Q

What causes albinism?

A

1) Tyrosinase catalyses formation of melanin in melanosome. Defects - albinism so non pigmented hair and skin.
2) May be deficincies of melanin granule transport (melanocytes are modified lysosomes so lysosomal protein trafficking abnornality)

24
Q

What do Langerhan’s cells do?

A

Dendritic cell, present phagocytosed antigenic material to lymphocytes

25
Q

Where are the langerhans cells found ?

A

All layers, especially the spinosum

26
Q

Where are Merkel cells?

A

Stratum basale

27
Q

What do Merkel cells do?

A

Sensory receptors in skin which synapse with peripheral nerve endings (can be grouped to form touch receptors)

28
Q

What are nails?

A

Hard plates of keratinised epithelium (keratin filled squames in layers), specialised corneum.

29
Q

Describe 2 skin appendages.

A 
Pilosebaceous apparatus (i.e. hair folicle/shaft)
Glands (eccrine and apocrine)
30
Q

What is the embryological origin of eccrine and apocrine glands

A

Ectoderm

31
Q

What are downgrowths of the epidermis?

A

Sweat glands and hair follicles (extend into the dermis)

32
Q

What does the hair shaft grow from?

A

Hair bulb

33
Q

What surrounds the hair shaft?

A

Hair follicle

34
Q

What does the hair bulb consist of?

A

Contains rapidly dividing epithelial cells and melanocytes and surrounds dermal papilla

35
Q

What muscle controls hair follicle and shaft?

A

Erector pilli muscles

36
Q

Describe blood vessels supplying hair follicle

A

Hair follicle supplied by blood vessels in dermal papilla + nerve endings

37
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found, what do they do?

A

Around follicle secrete sebum and moisturises hair. (holocrine secretion- cells diet and release contents)

38
Q

Whereabouts in skin are eccrine glands found?

A

Subcutis or secretory part in dermis

39
Q

What do eccrine glands do?

A

Secrete sweat for thermoregulation

40
Q

Describe nerve supply of eccrine glands

A

Cholinergic symp control of secretion of sweat

41
Q

Where are apocrine glands found?

A

Breasts, axillary, genital regions

42
Q

Describe nerve supply of apocrine glands

A

Adrenergic sympathetic control

43
Q

What is found in the dermis?

A

Blood vessels ,lymph, nerves ,epidermal appendages,

44
Q

What are 2 layers of dermis?

A

Superficial loose papillary dermis

Dense reticular dermis

45
Q

What is loose papillary dermis composed of?

A

Thin, loosely arranged collagen + elastin fibers with blood vessels and nerve endings

46
Q

What are dense reticular dermis composed of?

A

Thicker, denser layers of collagen, elastic fibres and blood vessels

47
Q

What are 2 plexues that supply skin, where are they found?

A

Cutaneous and subpapillary in dermis

48
Q

Where does subpapillary plexus extend to?

A

Papillary dermis to form capillaries near BM of epidermis

49
Q

What is subcutis layer made of?

A

Adipose tissue + network of vessels extending to form cutaneous plexus

50
Q

What leads cells to differentiate in the epidermis?

A

A calcium gradient, with the lowest concentration in the stratum basale and increasing concentrations until the outer stratum granulosum, where it reaches its maximum. Calcium concentration in the stratum corneum is very high in part because those relatively dry cells are not able to dissolve the ions.

51
Q

What is the most peripheral layer of living cells in the skin?

A

Stratum granulosum

52
Q

What cells are not found in the corneum?

A

Fibrobasts

53
Q

Non-ectodermal strucuture of the skin?

A

Erector pilli muscle (mesoderm)

54
Q

A cell/structure that cycles through proliferative, regressive and quiescent stages?

A

Hair bulb

55
Q

Where is melanin contained in melanocytes?

A

Their melanin is contained in melanosomes and premelanosomes

56
Q

Describe cell junctions in stratum spinosum

A

Desmosomes, that appear as spiky membrane projections on histology.

Tissues (13 decks)

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