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Tissues > Male reproductive > Flashcards

Male reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

How does spermatozoa cell size compare to other cells?

A

They are the smallest human cell with a 3 micrometer diameter

Longest cell relative to the organism.

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2
Q

What layer surrounds the testes?

A

Tough membranous shell called the tunica albuginea.

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3
Q

What is the name of the fine coiled tubules within the testes?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

Where do developing sperm mature?

A

Epididymis

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5
Q

Where do sperm pass from seminiferous tubule to the vas deferens?

A

Seminiferous tubule - rete testis - efferent ducts - epididymis - vas deferens

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6
Q

Where do leydig cells lie?

A

Inbetween seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

What do leydig cells produce?

A

Testosterone

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8
Q

In the foetus what are the testis populated with

A

Spermatogonia

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9
Q

When does mitosis of spermatogonia begin?

A

In foetal life

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10
Q

When does spermatogenesis and meiosis beign?

A

At puberty

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11
Q

What is spermatogonium?

A

Diploid stem germ cell

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12
Q

What is spermatogonia?

A

Divided (mitosis) spermatogonium (still diploid)

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13
Q

What is the name of the primitive sperm that undergoes meiosis I?

A

Primary spermatocyte (diploid)

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14
Q

What does meiosis I produce?

A

Two haploid secondary spermatocytes

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15
Q

What is the name of the primitive sperm that undergoes meiosis II?

A

Secondary spermatocytes (haploid)

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16
Q

What does meiosis II produce?

A

4 round spermatids joined by cytoplasmic bridges.

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17
Q

What is the benefit of cytoplasmic bridges?

A

Cytoplasmic bridges lead to synchronisation between spermatids as they allow transfer of mRNA and proteins between haploid cells

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18
Q

What happens to spermatids?

A

Differentiate to form spermatozoa

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19
Q

Can all haploid cells fertilise?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Where do sertoli cells lie?

A

Inbetween sperm progenitors undergoing spermatogenesis

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21
Q

What is the role of the sertoli cell?

A

Support spermatogenesis through secretions and phagocytosis action

Forms the blood testis barrier

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22
Q

What does the sertoli cell secrete?

A

FSH
ABH (androgen binding hormone) - increases the concentration of testosterone at site of sperm development
Inhibin

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23
Q

What is the blood-testis barrier, and what forms it?

A

Very tight junctions between Sertoli cells separate the basal compartment from the luminal compartment.

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24
Q

What is the role of the blood-testis barrier

A

Protects sperm from the immune system

Controls the luminal environment for effective spermatogenesis

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25
Q

How is DNA packing different in sperm?

A

DNA packed more tightly in sperm than somatic nuclei.

Sperm: annulus repeat packed on protamines

26
Q

How long does the process of spermatogenesis take?

A

60 days

27
Q

How frequently do new cohorts of spermatogonia develop?

A

Every 12 days

28
Q

How does spermatogeneis occur through the epithelium?

A

As a wave, so adjacent parts are at a different stage

29
Q

What are the four final phases of spermatogenesis occuring at the top of the epithelium?

A

Elongation, Grouping, Maturation, Release

30
Q

How do elongation, grouping, maturation and release appear on histology slides?

A

Release - no sperm present at edge of lumen of tubule

Grouping - clumpy appearance at lumen

Maturation - apparent sperm at lumen

31
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatid maturation

32
Q

What are the three phases of spermiogenesis?

A

Golgi phase
Cap phase
Acrosome phase

33
Q

What happens in the golgi phase of spermiogenesis (4)?

A

Begin to develop polarity.

Head forms at one end, Golgi apparatus creates enzymes that will become the acrosome.

At the other end, a distal centriole begins to form an axoneme.

Spermatid DNA also undergoes packaging, becoming highly condensed.

34
Q

What happens in the cap phase of spermiogenesis?

A

The Golgi apparatus surrounds the condensed nucleus, mitochondria migrate caudally.

Axoneme extends

35
Q

What happens in the acrosome phase of spermiogenesis?

A

The acrosomal cap forms and mitochondria gather around the tail.

Axoneme central to the flagellum

36
Q

What is the first trigger in puberty?

A

Hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons become activated

37
Q

What does kisspeptin activate?

A

Kisspeptin activates pulsatile secretion of GnRH from GnRH neurons

38
Q

What does GnRH activate?

A

Hypothalamic GnRH stimulates secretion of pituitary gonadotrophins FSH and LH

39
Q

What does FSH stimulate in males?

A

Stimulates Sertoli cell division, then secretion of inhibin (negative feedback), secretion of ABP – androgen binding protein.

40
Q

What does LH activate in males?

A

Acts on the Leydig cells to produce testosterone

Most active form = dihydrotestosterone made by 5-alpha reductase

Essential for sperm production

41
Q

How is testosterone maintained in high concentrations?

A

Binding of testosterone by androgen binding protein present in the seminiferous tubules.

42
Q

How long do sperm take to pass through the epididymis?

A

4-6 weeks

43
Q

Is the epididymis a single tube?

A

Yes

44
Q

Within the epididymis what is added to the sperm head and why?

A

Adds a glycoprotein coat over sperm head - prevents premature activation of acrosome

45
Q

Does the vas deferens passively carry spermatozoa?

A

No, contractions propel it along

46
Q

What three sex accessory glands produce seminal fluid?

A

Prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethal gland

47
Q

How many sperm per ml of semen?

A

20 million

48
Q

How much of seminal volume does each sex accessory gland make up?

A

2/3 -seminal vesicles
1/3 - prostate
a few drops - bulbourethral

49
Q

What do sperm require for motility?

A

Fructose

50
Q

When do spermatozoa begin to swim?

A

After leaving the epididymis

51
Q

Lipid mediator hormone present in seminal fluid

A

Prostaglandin

52
Q

A pituitary hormone that can cause infertility when levels are raised ?

A

Prolactin

53
Q

What is one unique property of mature spermatozoa

A

They contain a modified lysosomal structure called the acrosome

54
Q

What is the acrosome derived from?

A

Golgi

55
Q

What is the acrosome

A

The acrosome is a large lysosome-like vesicle overlying the sperm nucleus.

Contains acrosomal enzymes and common enzymes associated with lysosomes in somatic cells.

56
Q

Do spermatocytes arrest during either meiotic division?

A

No

57
Q

What supplies the fructose?

A

Seminal vesicles/ Vas deferens

58
Q

What cells line the epididymis?

A

Epididymis is covered by a two layered pseudostratified epithelium.

59
Q

What receptors do epithelial cells of the epididymis have?

A

Testosterone receptors

60
Q

In the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules what do the cells undergo?

A

Repeated mitotic divisions

Tissues (13 decks)

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