Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Tissues > Kidney and Urinary tract > Flashcards

Kidney and Urinary tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two umbrella functions of the urinary system?

A

Formation of urine

Endocrine function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three layers of the kidney?

A

Fibrous capsule
Dark brown granular outer cortex
Inner medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the concave border of the kidney known as?

A

The hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What enters and leaves the kidney at the hilum?

A

Nerves, blood vessels and ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the morphology of the ureter at the hilum?

A

It is expanded and forms the renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does urine flow from cortex to medulla to ureter?

A

Renal pyramids drain into minor calyx via papilla then into major calyx to renal pelvis to ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is distinct of the cortex?

A

Glomeruli renal corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are medullary rays present and what are they?

A

Cortex, extension of medulla into the cortex forming core of kidney lobule consisting of straight tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many renal pyramids are there?

A

10-18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Each renal pyramid constitutes a …

A

lobe of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many papillary ducts at renal pyramid papilla?

A

15-20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is another word for the papilla of renal pyramid?

A

Cribrosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is characteristic of medulla?

A

Many tubules, no glomeruli

Vasa recta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does vasa recta appear on histology?

A

Parallel darker patches (seem to be concentrated nuclei)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the increasing complexity of blood supply to the kidney?

A 
Aorta 
Renal artery
Interlobar arteries 
Arcuate arteries 
Small interlobular arteries 
Afferent glomerular arterioles - glomerulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When do interlobar arteries give rise to arcuate arteries?

A

At the cortico-medullary junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which arteries enter the cortical labyrinth?

A

Small interlobular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What drains the kidney?

A 
Efferent arterioles 
Interlobular veins
Arcuate veins 
Interlobar veins 
Renal vein 
IVC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Uriniferous tubule (nephron and collecting duct)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two different types of nephron, how are they classified?

A 
Juxtamedullary nephron (close to the medulla)
Cortical nephron (periphery of cortex)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is described by the renal corpuscle ?

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Tuft of anastomosing fenestrated capillaries invaginated into the capsule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What supplies and drains the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Supplied by the afferent arterioles and drained by the efferent arterioles (into medulla).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the vascular and urinary pole of the renal corpuscle?

A

Vascular: where afferent and efferent arterioles enter and leave

Urinary: where Bowman’s space is drained by the PCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the role of the glomeruli’s connective tissue layer?

A

Regulates blood flow through the capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What cells regulate glomerulus extraglomerularly?

A

Mesangial cells on vascular pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What cells regulate glomerulus intraglomerularly?

A

Mesangial cells situated within the corpuscle, respond to vasoactive hormones and can secrete them like NO.

Pericytes, smooth muscle cells with phagocytotic properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the difference between intra/extraglomerular cell?

A

Intraglomerular - within corpuscle

Extraglomerular - outside corpuscle on the vascular pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the two layers of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Parietal layer (outside) - simple squamous epithelium

Visceral layer (envelops capillary) - highly specialised epithelia with podocytes.

Inbetween - Bowman’s space

30
Q

What are the three filtration layers?

A

Fenestrated capillary

Basal lamina

Podocytes in visceral layer

31
Q

How is the fenestrated capillary suited to filtration?

A

Endothelial cells with large pores between 70-90nm (very permeable), low amount of tight junctions.

32
Q

What are the three layers of basal lamina, how do they separate?

A

Lamina rara interna

Lamina densa (type IV collagen): Collagen in basal lamina separates by size

Lamina rara externa (heparin sulfate): Heparin sulphate separates by charge

33
Q

How do podocytes cover glomerulus, what are their primary and secondary processes?

A

Podocytes interdigitate to cover the basal lamina

Primary processes describe the numerous long tentacle like cytoplasmic extensions

Secondary processes are called pedicels which completely envelope most of the capillaries.

34
Q

What holds podocytes to eachother (to slow passage of molecules) and to the capillary?

A

Held to laminin of BM by integrins

Nephrin molecules of adjacent pedicels interact to form negatively charged slit pores, this slows passage of molecules.

35
Q

What epithelia does the PCT have?

A

Simple cuboidal (leaky)

36
Q

True or false, at the urinary pole, the BC simple squamous epithelia meets the PCT simple cuboidal?

A

True

37
Q

What is distinctive about the PCT?

A

Extensive brush border

38
Q

What makes up the brush border of the PCT?

A

Microvilli and canaliculi (invaginations)

39
Q

Why may the PCT have a striated appearance under a light microscope?

A

Folding of plasmalemma region rich in mitochondria

40
Q

What are the two regions of the PCT?

A 
Pars convuluta (tortuous region)
Pars recta (straight portion, descending thick limb of henle)
41
Q

Describe epithelia of thin descending limb

A

Simple squamous with few mitochondria but aquaporins

42
Q

How is the pars recta histologically different to the pars convuluta of the PCT?

A

Shorter brush border

43
Q

Describe the epithelia of the thick loop of henle

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium, no brush border, rich in mitochondria

44
Q

Describe epithelia in thin ascending limb

A

Similar to thin descending limb i.e. simple squamous but low water permeability

45
Q

What is the role of vasa recta?

A

Reabsorb water/solutes, slow blood flow helps to generate hypertonic interstitium by counter current exchange

46
Q

How does LoH differ in cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons have shoort loops do don’t enter medulla but juxtamedullary have long loops that invaginate deeper into medulla

47
Q

Are the descending endothelial cells on vasa recta continuous or fenestrated?

A

Continuous

48
Q

Are the ascending endothelial cells on vasa recta continuous or fenestrated?

A

Fenestrated

49
Q

Describe epithelia of DCT

A

Simple cuboidal, no brush border but with tall thin, central nuclei macula densa cells which contact vascular pole at renal corpuscle

50
Q

Where do macular densa cells lie?

A

Contact vascular pole at renal corpuscle

51
Q

What ion movement occurs at DCT?

A

Na+, Cl- reabsorbed

K+ screted

52
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Cells from last part of LOH or beginning DCT (macula densa) contact afferent glomerulus arteriole

53
Q

Describe the epithelia in the collecting duct

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium.

54
Q

Describe the cortical and medullary components of collecting duct

A

Cortial: epithelium consists of

1) Principle cells: aldosteorne controlled Na+ reabsorption and K+ Loss
2) Intercalated cells: acid base regulation

Medullary: ADH controlled reabsorption of H20 and urea

55
Q

What are ducts of Bellini?

A

Merging of several collecting ducts

56
Q

What is the role of the JGA?

A

When fall in Na/Cl/K in DCT (indicative of low ECV)

Juxtaglomerular cells produce Renin (promote reabsorption of water and Na+, vasoconstriction)

57
Q

Describe blood supply (microscopic) to kidney

A

Afferent arterioles give rise to glomerulus.

Efferent arterioles give rise to peritubular capillaries around renal tubules, arterioles close to medulla (vasa recta around loop of Henle)

Peritubular capillary to stellate vein

Vasa recta to arcuate veins

58
Q

What is the juxtaglomerulus apparatus?

A

Macula densa cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells, juxtaglomerular cells

59
Q

What are functions of juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Regulate renal blood flow, GFR and bp

60
Q

What do macula densa cells do?

A

Sense low ionic content in distal tubule and respond by releasing prostaglandis, activate extraglomerular mesangiual cells

Relay info to juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arterioles

Secrete renin

Peripheal vasoconstriction

61
Q

Describe epithelium of lower urinary tract

A

Transitional epithelium,

Superficial layer of large cells with uroplakins on apical surface

62
Q

Describe function of ureter

A

Muscular tube produces muscular contractions to move urine from kidney to bladder

63
Q

Structure of the ureter (layers)

A

Mucosa (3-5 layers transitional epithelium) lines lumen, muscular coat and fibrous tissue covering.

64
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

Accommodate changes in fluid

65
Q

What is the function of uroplakins?

A

Protective glycoprotein plaques (keep urine in lumen) and osmotic barrier - impermeable to salt/water

66
Q

What are the 3 layers of the detrusor muscle?

A

2 layers of longitudinal

sandwiching a circular muscle

67
Q

What does the lamina propria of the urethra contain in both sexes?

A

Mucous glands of littre

Intraepithelial glands

68
Q

What is the function of both urethral glands?

A

Lubricate the lining of the urethra, facilitating the passage of urine to the outside.

69
Q

Damage to podocytes leads to

A

Proteinuria

70
Q

What type collagen does the BM contain?

A

type IV

71
Q

What do podocytes originate from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

72
Q

Where is Erythropoietin, the other hormone produced by the kidney, produced?

A

Fibroblast-like cells of the renal interstitium.

Tissues (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions