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Tissues > Respiratory tract > Flashcards

Respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

What consists of the conducting zone?

A

Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and most of the bronchioles as far as the terminal bronchioles.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the conducting zone?

A

Warm, moisten, filter and deliver inspired air to the gas-exchanging or respiratory zone of the lungs

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3
Q

What consists of the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and definitive alveoli

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory zone?

A

Exchange of gases between the air and blood

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5
Q

How is the conducting portion of airways adapted for removal and delivery of air?

A

Opening of airways maintained by bone, cartilage, elastic and collagen fibres and smooth muscle (provides flexibility)

Lining of epithelial cells with glands, secretory and protective functions

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6
Q

How is respiratory portion of airways adapted to gas exchange?

A

Thin walled pouches and cellular membranes with rich capillary network

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7
Q

What is the conducting portion lined with?

A

Mucous membrane

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8
Q

What does mucous membrane consist of?

A

Respiratory epithelium (mainly pseudocolumnar epithelium) and lamina propria (connective tissue) below it

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9
Q

What does mucous membrane do?

A

Warm and humidify inspired air

Provide sense of smell via olfactory epithelium

Cover and protects (ciliary clearing mechanism and immunological defence)

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10
Q

What is found beneath the mucous membrane?

A

Submucosa and adventitia

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11
Q

What seperates submucosa and mucous layer?

A

Elastic layer

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12
Q

What sort of epithelium makes up respiratory airways?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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13
Q

What do all 5 cell types of respiratory airways do?

A

Reach basement membrane

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14
Q

What are the five types of cells in respiratory epithelium?

A 
Ciliated columnar cells 
Mucous goblet cells 
Small granule (K cells)
Basal cells 
Brush cells
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15
Q

What do ciliated columnar cells do?

A

Cilia on apical surface beat up and out to shift mucous out of respiratory tract

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16
Q

What facilitates cilia beating in ciliated columnar cells?

A

Beneath cilia are small mitochondria golgi, RER

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17
Q

What makes up the structure of cilia?

A

Cytoskeleton, 9x2+2 microtubule core (axoneme) dyenin arms supply motor movements

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18
Q

What is the name of action that moves mucus towards pharynx from respiratory tract?

A

Mucocilary escalator

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19
Q

What do goblet cells make?

A

Mucus

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20
Q

What does mucus do?

A

Trap particulate matter and pollutants lining respiratory tract as far as bronchi

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21
Q

What defines viscosity of mucus?

A

Contributions from goblet glands (cellular glands) and seromucus glands

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22
Q

What are basal cells?

A

Stem cells of respiratory epithelium (diff into other cell types)

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23
Q

What are brush cells?

A

Narrow columnar cells, have afferent nerve endings so are sensory receptors

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24
Q

What are small granule cells aka K cells?

A

Neuroendocrine cells with small granules containing neuroendocrine hormones

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25
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

Loose connective tissue supporting the respiratory epithelia

26
Q

What does lamina propria contain (5 things)?

A 
Mucous gland
Serous gland
MALT
Rich blood supply
Elastic fibres
27
Q

What do serous glands do?

A

Watery secretions that dilute mucus and humidify inspired air.

Also contain lysozyme and protease inhibitors for defence against bacteria

28
Q

What is MALT? Give an example.

A

Mucosa associarted lymphoid tissue e.g BALT in bronchi (diffuse aggregates of lymphoid tissue providing specific immunity involving lymphocyte, neutrophils etc.)

29
Q

What does air blood barrier consist of?

A

Fused basal laminae of epithelial layer and capillary endothelial cells

Capillary endothelial cells and single layered type 1 alveolar epithelial cells

30
Q

What sort of alveoli cells form the ABB?

A

Type 1, squamous alveolar cells

31
Q

What seperates adjacent alveoli?

A

Interalveolar septum

32
Q

What does interalveolar septum consist of?

A

2 squamous epithelial layers from 2 alvoeli sandwiching connective tissue matrix and dense capillary network, many lymphoid cells and macrophages

33
Q

What are interalveolar pores of Kohn, why are the useful?

A

Openings in interalveolar septum allowing communicaiton between alveoli and movement of gases betweeen alveoli in local brochiolar obstruction

34
Q

What structurally supports the alveoli?

A

Elastic fibres

35
Q

What are type 1 pneumocytes/alvoeli cells for?

A

Make up 90% alveolar epithelium

Absorb surfactant promoting its turnover

Form occluding junctions with each other preventing seepage of extracellular fluid into alveolar lumen

36
Q

Describe structure of type 1 alveoli cells (junctions, width)

A

Squamous epithelial cells
Wide cells
Form occluding junctions with each other

37
Q

From what cells can type 1 cells develop?

A

Type 2 cells

38
Q

Where are type 2 cells positioned?

A

Dispersed among the type 1 cells

39
Q

Describe the structure of type 2 cells (shape, junctions)

A

Cuboidal

Form occluding junctions with type 1 cells

40
Q

How are type 2 pneumocytes a stem cell population?

A

Can diff into type 1 or 2 cells if alveolar epithelium damaged

41
Q

What do type 2 cells do?

A

Secrete surfactant

42
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Maintains alveolar stability and lower alveolar surface tension (prevent collapse of alveoli in exhalation)
Minimise work required to inflate lungs

43
Q

What are alveolar macrophages known as? What are they derived from?

A

Dust cells

Derived from monocytes in the blood

44
Q

What is a serous membrane?

A

Thin, double layered membrane that secretes serous fluid

45
Q

What are the 2 layers of serous membrane?

A

Inner membrane covers organs, visceral membrane

Second layer lines body wall, parietal layer

46
Q

Where are serous membrane found?

A

Lining pericardial cavity
Pleura
Peritoneum (surrounding some abdominal organs)

47
Q

Why is serous fluid beneficial?

A

Reduces friction

48
Q

Difference between where mucous and serous membranes found?

A

Serous: line internal cavities
Mucous: line cavities that connect to exterior

49
Q

Describe development of the alveolar epithelial surface

A

Endodermally derived epithelium (from respiratory diverticulum) which differentiates into respiratory epithelium that lines the airways and specialized epithelium that lines the alveoli.

50
Q

What layer of the embryo are lungs derived from?

A

Endoderm

51
Q

When are the primitive alveoli formed?

A

Week 36

52
Q

When do alveoli mature?

A

After birth

53
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus surface?

A

Warming and moistening air

54
Q

What three types of epithelium make up the nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar)

Stratified squamous epithelium

Olfactory epithelium

55
Q

What three cell types make up the olfactory epithelium?

A

Olfactory receptor neurons, primary sensory neurons for smell perception, bipolar neurons whose apical end forms olfactory vesicle, cilia have odor receptors.

Sustentacular cells (supporting cells).

Basal cells, small stem cells at base replace other cell types.

56
Q

What are vibrissae and what is their role?

A

Nasal hairs that filter out particulate matter (defence)

57
Q

Are there goblet cells in bronchioles?

A

No

58
Q

What do goblet cells get replaced by in the bronchioles?

A

Clara (club) cells

59
Q

What is the role of Clara cells?

A

Domed apical surface.

Function of the Club cells is to secrete proteins that reduce the stickiness of the mucus produced by larger diameter airways and to produce lysozyme and immunoglobulins.

60
Q

What are acini?

A

Includes all components capable of facilitating gas exchange. It consists of respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts and alveoli.

61
Q

Between pneumocytes and pulmonary endothelial cells …

A

The basement membranes are fused

62
Q

Which cell types other than pneumocytes are commonly found in the walls of alveoli?

A

Macrophages

Tissues (13 decks)

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