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Body Logistics > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general structure of the skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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2
Q

Where is the hypodermis?

A

This is the deepest lying skin tissue.

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3
Q

How does the thickness of the hypodermis vary?

A

Depending on the part of the body

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4
Q

Where can you find the thickest hypodermis in men?

A

Abdomen and shoulders

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5
Q

Where can you find the thickest hypodermis in women?

A

Hips, thighs and buttocks

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6
Q

What is the structure of the hypodermis?

A

Mainly contain adipose tissue
Some neurovascular bundles as well as lymphatics
Loose connective tissue with fibroblasts, macrophages and fibres.

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7
Q

What are the functions of the hypodermis?

A 
Energy store and generation of heat
Insulator
Shock absorber and cushioning
Connects the skin to underlying muscle and bone
Make hormones such as leptin
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8
Q

Where is the dermis?

A

Between the hypodermis and the epidermis.

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9
Q

What is the structure of the dermis?

A

It has three layers:
Papillary (upper)
Reticular (lower)
Dermal papillae (interdigitating)

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10
Q

What are the functions of the dermis?

A

It contains hairs and sweat glands for thermoregulation
Sensory like touch
Gives structure to skin and body shape

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11
Q

Where can you find the epidermis?

A

It is the outermost layer of the skin.

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12
Q

What kind of cells can be found in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, immune cells (langerhans’ cells), Merkel cells

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13
Q

What two type of epidermis are there?

A

Thin skin and thick skin

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14
Q

What are the main differences between thin and thick skin?

A

Thin skin tends to be hairy
Thick skin tends to be non-hairy
Thin skin has 4 layers
Thick skin has 5 layers

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15
Q

What are some exception to this rule?

A

Lips, back of ear, some areas of external genitalia and eyes. These exceptions are thin skin but not hairy.

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16
Q

What are the four layers of thin skin?

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

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17
Q

What are the five layers of thick skin?

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucid
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
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18
Q

What is the structure of the epidermis?

A

It is held together by adherens junctions
They have terminal nerve endings
No blood vessels found

19
Q

What are the functions of the epidermis?

A 
Prevent water loss
Prevent entry to bacteria and parasites
Special cells that present pathogens to immune cells
Synthesis of keratin
Prevents tissue loss due to abrasion
20
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

The outermost layer that is made of dead keratinocytes (keratin).
This is especially thick on palms and soles

21
Q

What is the stratum granulosum?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
It contains lammetlar granules which assemble keratin fibrils and secrete it.
It also contains tonofibrils that are made by the lamellar bodies

22
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A

A stratified cuboidal epithelium held together by desmosomes.
Produces lamellar bodies.
This is where Golgi apparatus first appear (proximal to distal)

23
Q

What is the stratum basale?

A

Stratified columnar epithelial
This is where keratinocytes are constantly renewed by cell division
The daughter cells differentiate and mover away from the epidermis-dermis junction
These daughter cells make keratin filaments also called tonofilaments.
This is also where you find melanocytes.

24
Q

What is the role of keratinocytes?

A

To synthesise keratin (fibrous protein) which contribute to the strength of the epidermis.

25
Q

What is the normal transit time of a keratinocyte from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?

A

28-40 days.

26
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

A skin disease where the transit time of the keratinocytes is reduced greatly from 28-40 days to 2-3 days. This results in an abundance of keratin and silvery scales. Langerhans’ cell presence and lymphocytes in the stratum corneum also.

27
Q

What is hyperkeratosis?

A

When there is too much keratin put on the surface of the skin. This results in thickening of the skin.

28
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Cells found in the epidermis, most commonly in the stratum basale.
Produce melanin.

29
Q

What are Langerhans’ cells?

A

Specialised cells to present antigens to T lymphocytes to mediate immune reactions. An example is allergic contact dermatitis.

30
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

Mechanoreceptor cells associated with sensory nerve endings.

31
Q

Where can you find thick skin?

A

Palms, soles and area between fingers and toes (webs)

32
Q

How does thick skin differ to thin skin structurally?

A

No hair, no arrector pili muscles, no sebaceous glands.
Thicker stratum corneum
Thinner dermis
Increased density of mechanoreceptors

33
Q

What are the functions of thick skin?

A

Prevent tissue loss due to abrasion
Increased friction between skin and surfaces
Increased sensation

34
Q

What are the three types of hair?

A

Lanugo
Vellus
Terminal

35
Q

Where can you find Lanugo?

A

Cover the developing foetus and can sometimes be seen at birth.

36
Q

Where can you find Vellus?

A

This hair replaces Lanugo. It is a short thin and light color hair that can be found on the back of the hand for example.

37
Q

Where can you find Terminal hair?

A

Head, scalp and eyebrows, nasal passage etc.
Any other hair.
Produced by the actions of testosterone.

38
Q

What are the functions of hair?

A 
Thermoregulation
Partial warrior to UV-rays
Sexual attraction
Sensation
Protection (eyelashes and nasal hair, eyebrows as well)
39
Q

What are the arrector pili muscles?

A

They consist of smooth muscle fibres attached to papillary region of the dermis and hair bulb.
React to fight or flight response or cold environment.
It can also induce sebum release from sebaceous glands, usually during fight or flight to make hair and skin more slippery.

40
Q

What are the different mechanoreceptors. Explain what they do.

A

End bulbs (thermoreceptor)
Free nerve endings (pain register)
Tactile discs (touch, pressure and texture)
Meissner corpuscle (tapping and flicker)
Pacinian corpuscle (vibration)
Ruffini’s corpuscle (join movements and tissue stretch)
Root hair plexus (vibrations in the hair shaft)

41
Q

What is the structure of nails?

A

Consists solely of alpha keratin

42
Q

What are the functions of nails?

A

Protection of distal phalanges.
Enhances precise delicate movements
Enhancing sensitivity of fingertip
Enabling extended precision grip (pulling out a splinter e.g.)

43
Q

How does the nail relate to the length of the phalanx?

A

The growth rate of the nail correlates to the length of the phalanx.

44
Q

As a summary: What are the functions of the skin?

A 
Protection and repair
Thermoregulation
Lubrication
Storage (adipose tissue in hypodermis)
Vitamin D synthesis
Absorption
Aesthetics
Sensation

Body Logistics (21 decks)

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