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Body Logistics > Connective and Adipose Tissues > Flashcards

Connective and Adipose Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main cells in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts
Chondrocytes
Osteocytes/osteoblasts/osteoclasts
Stem cells/progenitor cells/bone marrow/blood/adipocytes

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2
Q

What are the main products of connective tissue?

A

Fibres
Ground substance
Wax and gel-like materials

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3
Q

Give example of fibres found in connective tissue.

A

Collagen, reticulin, elastin, fibrillin, fibronectin, laminin

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4
Q

What are the functions of the connective tissue.

A 
Binding and support
Protection
Insulation
Energy storage
Transporting substances via blood and interstitium
Separation of tissues
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5
Q

What are the two main types of connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.

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6
Q

What are the two subtypes of dense connective tissue?

A

Irregular and regular. Regular runs in parallel.

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7
Q

What are the special features of loose connective tissue?

A

Multiple cells, contain of 2 main fibres and gel-like extra cellular matrix.

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8
Q

What are the cells found in loose connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages and other white blood cells and mast cells.

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9
Q

What are the two main fibres found in loose connective tissue?

A

Collagen and elastic fibres.

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10
Q

What are example of the gel-like extracellular matrix / ground substance found?

A

Proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid

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11
Q

What are the functions of loose connective tissue?

A

Cushions and stabilises organs
Holds vessels that supply fluids
Permits cell migration
Inflammation pathways

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12
Q

Where can loose connective tissue be found?

A

Usually under epithelial cell layers (e.g. lamina propria)
Around glands
Surrounding capillaries, nerves and sinusoids

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13
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Cells that synthesise and secrete the fibres that lie within the ground substance (ECM).
They are important for wound healing and formation of scar tissue.

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14
Q

What are myofibroblasts and what are they used for?

A

Modified fibroblasts that contain actin and myosin. They are responsible for wound contraction when tissue loss has occurred.

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15
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Immune system cells that are phagocytic. Present foreign material to T lymphocytes of the immune system.

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16
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Cells containing abundant granules of histamine, heparin and cytokines that attract eosinophils and neutrophils.

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17
Q

Where can mast cells be found?

A

In areolar connective tissue near blood vessels.

Absent from CNS to avoid damaging effects of oedema there.

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18
Q

What are the two types of adipocytes? How do they differ structurally?

A

White adipocytes and brown adipocytes.
WA has their organelles, nucleus and cytoplasm all squeezed to one side, they also have low levels of mitochondria. Also one large single lipid droplet.
BA has their organelles, nucleus and cytoplasm all squeezed to the centre. A lot of mitochondria and multiple small lipid droplets.

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19
Q

What are the functions of adipocytes?

A

Padding and shock absorber. Also insulation and energy reserve.

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20
Q

Where can you find white adipocytes?

A

Throughout the body

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21
Q

Where can you find brown adipocytes?

A

Mainly on the upper back, not really anywhere else in adults. Brown adipose tissue is generally only found in neonates and young children but disappear as you grow older.

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22
Q

Why is brown adipocytes present in neonates?

A

Because neonates can’t shiver, this is where they get their heat from. Lipid breakdown is accelerated from BA.

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23
Q

Over 90% of all collagen in the body is one specific type? Which?

A

Type 1

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24
Q

What different types of collagen are the main types found in the body?

A 
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
Type 5
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25
Q

Where can type 1 be found and what are their structure?

A

Fibrils aggregate into fibres and fibre bundles. Found in tendons, skin, organs and bones.

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26
Q

Where can type 2 be found and what are their structure?

A

Fibrils do not form fibres.

Mainly found in hyaline and elastic cartilage.

27
Q

Where can type 3 be found and what are their structure?

A

Fibrils form fibres around muscle and nerve cells and within lymphatic tissues and organs
Also found surrounding blood vessels.

28
Q

Where can type 4 be found and what are their structure?

A

Unique form present in basal lamina of basement membrane. (part of epithelial tissue)

29
Q

Where can type 5 be found?

A

Cell surfaces, hair and placenta.

30
Q

What does the submucosa of the colon consist of?

A

Loose connective tissue.

31
Q

What is ground substance?

A

A vicious, clear substance with a slippery feel to it. It also has a high water content.

32
Q

What does ground substance consist of?

A

Proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid

33
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Large macromolecules consisting of a core protein to which glycosaminoglycans are covalently bound to.

34
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

Long-chained polysaccharides

35
Q

What is the main function of GAGs?

A

To attract water to form a hydrated gel that permits rapid diffusion but also resists compression.

36
Q

What is hyaluronic acid?

A

A unique kind of GAG.

37
Q

Where can hyaluronic acid mainly be found?

A

In cartilage.

38
Q

How do irregular and regular dense connective tissue differ?

A

Irregular has collagen 1 fibres going in all directions.
Regular has collagen 1 fibres going in only one direction.
This means that irregular resists stress in all directions whereas regular only resist in one direction.

39
Q

Where can you find irregular dense connective tissue?

A

Deep layer of the dermis and also the submucosa of the intestine.

40
Q

Where can you find regular dense connective tissue?

A

Tendons
Ligaments
Aponeuroses

41
Q

What is the myotendinous junction?

A

Where skeletal muscle fibres connect with tendon collagen bundles. This provides tremendous physiological strength.
The collagen passes from tendon (type 1) to muscle fibre where it interacts with the collagen fibres coating the muscle fibres (type 3).
Cross link between those collagen fibres result in mechanical strength.

42
Q

The tendon is made of two types of collagen. Which? (Think of the myotendinous junction)

A

Type 1 mainly (70%) but also Type 3 (30%)

43
Q

What does the tendon connect?

A

Bone to muscle

44
Q

What does a ligament connect?

A

Bone to bone

45
Q

How can you histologically tell the difference between collagen bundles in tendons and ligaments.

A

In tendons the lines of collagen are fairly linear and straight. Fibroblasts can usually easily be detected as dark lines.
Ligaments’ collagen are arranged more ‘wavy’. It is still a regular dense connective tissue but the collagen appears ‘wavy’. Also the tissue is separated into fascicles.

46
Q

What separates the fascicles in ligaments?

A

Loose connective tissue.

47
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue in fascia?

A

Superficial
Deep
Visceral or parietal

48
Q

Is fascia made up of loose connective tissue or dense connective tissue?

A

Dense connective tissue. However you can find loose connective tissue here too.

49
Q

What kind of dense connective tissue is fascia made up of?

A

Regular dense connective tissue.

50
Q

What is scurvy? How does it relate as connective tissue disorder?

A

Scurvy is a disease which is caused by a deficiency in vitamin C.
The production of procollagen usually happens in fibroblasts. Procollagen is produced intracellularly. Here vitamin C hydroxylates proline and lysine. This helps form procollagen that is packed, released and modified into collagen outside of the cell.
Without vitamin C hydroxylation will not occur correctly. This will cause a much weaker triple helix or instead just an alpha chain.
This means that without vitamin C the collagen fibres formed will be much weaker.

51
Q

What are symptoms of scurvy?

A

Gum disease
Skin bruises
Poor wound healing
Bleeding

52
Q

What is Marfan’s syndrome?

A

An autosomal dominant disorder

Here the expression of fibrillar 1 gene is affected so the elastic fibres are abnormal.

53
Q

What are some symptoms of Marfan’s syndrome?

A 
Abnormally tall (arachnodactyly). More specifically their span is greater than their height. Large hands and long fingers.
Frequent joint dislocations
Risk of catastrophic aortic rupture
54
Q

What are elastic fibres?

A

Made up most of elastin, but it is also enfolded and surrounded by microfibrils called fibrillin.

55
Q

Where can you mainly find elastic fibres?

A

Dermis, artery walls, lungs and sites which bear elastic cartilage (pinnae of the ear, Eustachian tube, epiglottis)

56
Q

How can you tell the difference between elastic fibres and collagen fibres on a TEM?

A

Collagen fibres are more electron dense than elastic fibres. This means that the collagen fibres appear darker.

57
Q

A small elastic artery is made up of Tunica intima, Tunica Media and Tunica Adventitia. What is each layer made of? (In terms of epithelial and connective tissue)

A

Tunica Intima = epithelial cells (simple squamous)
Tunica Media = Elastin lamellae
Tunica Adventitia = Collagen

58
Q

What else can be found in the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle fibres

59
Q

What produce the elastin, collagen and matrix in the arteries?

A

The smooth muscle fibres.

60
Q

When is elastin produced?

A

During fetal development. During adulthood there is no production of elastin.

61
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

A range of genetic conditions which most are autosomal dominant. What happens is that mutated collagen fibres do no ‘knit together’ or is not produced in an adequate number.

62
Q

What are some symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta?

A 
Weakened bones
Short stature
Blue sclera
Hearing loss (bones and cartilage involved here)
Hypermobility (loose joints)
Poor teeth development
63
Q

What are the functions of loose connective tissue?

A 
Holds vessel that supply fluids
Permits cell migration
Involved in inflammation pathways
Acts as packaging around organs and generally hold everything in place
Cushions and stabilises organs
64
Q

Where can loose connective tissue generally be found?

A 
Under epithelial cell layers (lamina propria)
Around glands
Surrounding: 
Capillaries
Nerves
Sinusoids

Body Logistics (21 decks)

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