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Body Logistics > Cells and Tissues of the Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues of the Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is lymph?

A

A thin fluid that resembles plasma however with a lower amount of protein.

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2
Q

What is chyle?

A

Lymph that arises in the GI tract. It is a white cloudy substance that contains fats and dissolved lipids.

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3
Q

How many litres of lymph is recycled each day?

A

3-4 litres.

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4
Q

What are the different sizes of lymphatic vessels called?

A 
From larger to smaller:
Veins
Trunkts
Ducts
Capillaries
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5
Q

What is the structure of a lymphatic capillary?

A

One cell layer thick of endothelial cells. However the endothelial cells can somewhat overlap due to valves.
Lympathic capillaries are not fenestrated but instead ‘flapped’. This means that the endothelial layers somewhat overlap. Check page 5 for more information.

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6
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels lie in relation to cardiovascular vessels?

A

They tend to lie close/adjacent to them.

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7
Q

How else are lymphatic vessels similar to cardiovascular vessels?

A

They can like veins either lie superficial or deep.
Deep lymphatic vessels need muscle contraction to aid the lymph’s movement
Larger lymphatic vessels (ducts and trunks) contain smooth muscle in their wall for lymph flow.

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8
Q

There are no lymphatics in the CNS!

A

mhm

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9
Q

Look at page 7

A

yup

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10
Q

How are lymphatic capillaries similar to veins?

A

A low pressure system
Valves are present
Smooth muscle present in a small number

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11
Q

Lymphatic ducts and trunks of the upper right quadrant drain into what?

A

The right subclavian vein.

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12
Q

Lymphatic ducts and trunks of the the rest of the body drain into what?

A

The left subclavian vein.

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13
Q

How many lymph nodes are found in the body? And usually where?

A

600-700
Neck (cervical)
Groin (inguinal)
Armpit (axillae)

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14
Q

Outline the structure of lymph nodes.

A

They are shaped like a kidney.
Each node has multiple afferent (where lymph enters) via the convex surface.
Each node has one single large efferent vessel (where lymph leaves) via the concave hilum
Each lymph node has a feeding artery and a draining vein.
There are multiple follicles that contain dendritic cells.

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15
Q

What are the main connective tissue fibres in lymph nodes.

A

Reticulin
Secreted by reticular cells
Reticulin is a form of type 3 collagen.

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16
Q

Do B lymphocytes recognise antigens?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Do T lymphocytes recognise antigens?

A

No they do not. They need to be presented to the antigen.

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18
Q

What is the role of the lymph node?

A

It serves as filters to trap antigens.

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19
Q

How do pathogens enter the lymph node?

A

They are carried by dendritic cells.

20
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Enlarged lymph nodes

21
Q

Give some examples of why enlargement of lymph nodes can occur.

A

Infection. Germinal centres fill with increasing numbers of lymphocytes causing the lymph nodes to swell.
Cancers can metastasise to lymph nodes via the afferent lymphatics to also cause swelling.
Lymphoma which is a malignancy of the lymphoid tissue itself often presents with lymphadenopathy.

22
Q

Give examples of lymphatic organs.

A 
Thymus
Spleen
Tonsils
Appendix
Payer's patches
23
Q

Where can you find the thymus?

A

In the superior mediastinum.
It is fully formed and functional at birth.
Involutes after puberty by late teens and is then mostly fat.
It is only active in children.

24
Q

What is the structure of the thymus?

A

Similar to lymph node but no hilum.

25
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Maturation of bone marrow derived stem cells into immunocompetent T cells.

26
Q

Where can you find the spleen?

A

Inferior to the diaphragm and posterior to the stomach.

It is fully functional and formed at birth.

27
Q

What is the structure of the spleen?

A

Similar to lymph node but much larger.

It is separated by white pulp which is like lymph node and red pulp which is a storage of RBCs.

28
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

Filtering blood in the same way that lymph nodes filter lymph.
It has functions in both the immune and haemopoeitic systems.
It activates and proliferates B and T lymphocytes and produces antibodies.
Removes macromolecular antigens from blood.
Removes and destroys old, damaged and abnormal RBCs and platelets.
Retrieves iron from erythrocyte haemoglobin.
RBC storage as well.

29
Q

What consequences can a rupture spleen have?

A

Due to its very rich blood supply a rupture spleen can easily lead to death due to exsanguination where all RBCs are released.

30
Q

What are the consequences of a splenectomy?

A

The liver and bone marrow take over the removal and destruction of ageing RBCs.
It also increases the risk of infection by encapsulated bacteria and malaria.

31
Q

What is splenomegaly?

A

Enlarged spleen.

32
Q

What can cause splenomegaly?

A

Localised infection like a lymph node where lymphocytes invade the tissue.
Systemic infection like glandular fever malaria and septicaemia. Anemia can also cause splenomegaly.

33
Q

Where can you find the tonsils?

A

Oropharynx and nasopharynx

Fully formed and functional at birth.

34
Q

What is the structure of the tonsils?

A

Nodules reside inferior to surface invaginations.

35
Q

What are the functions of the tonsils?

A

Prevents pathogen ingress through oral and nasal routes

Prevents pathogen ingress through aural route.

36
Q

Where can you find the appendix?

A

Inferior to and attached to the caecum.

37
Q

What is the structure of the appendix?

A

Nodules reside inferior to surface invaginations.

38
Q

What are the functions of the appendix?

A

Possibly:
Prevent pathogen ingress through GI route
Prevent pathogen ingress through ileum

39
Q

Where can you find Payer’s patches?

A

Inferior to and attached to side of ileum.

40
Q

What is the structure of the Payer’s patches?

A

Nodules reside inferior to surface dome.

41
Q

What are the functions of the Payer’s patches?

A

Prevent pathogen ingress through digestion.

42
Q

What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Fluid balance - most of the interstitial fluid is returned to the circulation by this route.
Transport of fats and fat-soluble vitamins
Defence against invading pathogens and disease
Storage and destruction of aged RBCs (120 days)

43
Q

What are sentinel lymph nodes?

A

The lymph node closest to a cancer. It can make a bed for cancer to grow in the lymph node. This is the first set of lymph nodes that will swell in cancer detection. (Look page 28 for additional information.)

44
Q

How are sentinel lymph nodes detected and removed?

A

By fluorography. This is followed by for example a mastectomy by parts of the breast is removed in order to remove the lymph node.

45
Q

What is a common consequence of a mastectomy?

A

Secondary lymphoedema

46
Q

What are causes of primary lymphoedema?

A

Milroy’s disease
Meige’s disease
Tarda

47
Q

What are causes of secondary lymphoedema?

A

Neoplasia
Surgery such as node involvement or accidental
Radiotherapy causing nodal fibrosis
Autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or eczema.
Infections

Body Logistics (21 decks)

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