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Body Logistics > Muscle Tissue - Structure and Function > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue - Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main types of muscle cells?

A

Striated and non-striated muscle.

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2
Q

What are the type(s) of striated muscle?

A

Cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.

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3
Q

What are the type(s) of non-striated muscle?

A

Smooth muscle.

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4
Q

How is the voluntary/involuntary control in the three muscle types?

A

Skeletal muscle control is voluntary.

Cardiac and smooth is not.

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5
Q

How is the presence of myoglobin in the three muscle types?

A

Smooth muscle do not have myoglobin.

Cardiac and skeletal do.

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6
Q

How is the nerve communication in the three muscle types?

A

Direct nerve-muscle communication in skeletal
Indirect nerve-muscle communication in cardiac
No direct nerve-muscle communication in smooth

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7
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

A red protein that is structurally similar to a single subunit of haemoglobin. Stores oxygen and provides it in striated muscle.
Haemoglobin gives up oxygen to myoglobin especially at low pH.

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8
Q

What is myoglobinuria?

A

When striated muscle dies myoglobin is released into the bloodstream. The increased amount of myoglobin here is myoglobinuria or rather the presence of it in urine a while later.

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9
Q

Why can myoglobinuria be damaging?

A

Because the kidneys remove myoglobin from the blood to the urine, this can cause renal damage.

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10
Q

Briefly outline the muscle cell component terminology. (Structure)

A

Sarcolemma - outer membrane of muscle cell
Sarcoplasm - cytoplasm of muscle cell
Sarcosome - mitochondria
Sarcomere - contraction unit in striated muscle
Sarcoplasmic reticulum - smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell

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11
Q

What is a muscle fibre?

A

The same thing as a muscle cell also called myocyte.

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12
Q

What is endomysium?

A

A loose connective tissue surrounding one single muscle fibre. Carrying nerves and blood vessels.

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13
Q

What is perimysium?

A

A dense connective tissue that surrounds a bundle of muscle fibres. This carries nerves and blood vessels.

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14
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

A dense connective tissue that surround a bundle of bundles of muscle fibres. Carrying nerves and bloods vessels.

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15
Q

In which way does the movement relate to the fibres of a muscle?

A

Movement is always along the direction of a fibre.

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16
Q

What makes the tongue able to move in all kinds of directions?

A

It has skeletal muscle fibres running/going in all kinds of directions as well.

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17
Q

If you look in a transverse plane of a skeletal muscle, where can you find the nuclei?

A

On the periphery of the muscle fibre.

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18
Q

If you look in a longitudinal section of a skeletal muscle, how do the nuclei look?

A

They are usually lined up in rows.

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19
Q

Look at page 14.

A

Yup.

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20
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

A long rod like structure that is found inside a myocyte. One myocyte has numerous of myofibrils.

21
Q

What is the structure of a myofibril?

A

It contains actin, myosin and titin.
This is also where you can find the even smaller structure called sarcomere.
This is also where Z discs, the H-zone, I-bands, M-line and the A-band can be found.

22
Q

Look at page 18 and onwards for histology.

A

Yup.

23
Q

What is the sarcomere and how does it related to the bands, zones and lines found in the myofibril?

A

It is the basic unit of a muscle cell.

It runs from a z-band to an adjacent z-band.

24
Q

When referring to thick filament, what protein is referred to?

A

Myosin

25
Q

When referring to thin filament, what protein is referred to?

A

Actin

26
Q

What color does slow twitch muscle fibres have? Why?

A

They are red. Because it contain a lot of myoglobin and cytochrome for extended use.

27
Q

What color does fast twitch muscle fibres have?

A

They are white. Less myoglobin.

28
Q

What are the main differences between fast and slow twitching muscle fibres?

A

Fast twitch is used in an explosive manner when running for example.
Slow twitch is used when just standing about or walking.
Also fast twitch type 2B is anaerobic whereas fast twitch type 2A and slow twitch is aerobic.
Slow twitch and fast twitch type 2A has a lot of mitochondria and many cytochromes.
Fast twitch type 2B only has few.

29
Q

What are some structural features of cardiac muscle?

A

Striated
Centrally positioned nuclei
Intercalated discs just like skeletal muscles
Branching also occur.

30
Q

Look at page 24. Learn the table.

A

Yup.

31
Q

Look at page 26 for cardiac histology.

A

Yup.

32
Q

What are some structural differences between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.

A

Cardiac muscle have central nuclei
The sarcomere is not as developed in cardiac muscle.
No t-tubules in sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle.
Only one contractile cell type called cardiomyocyte.
Cardiomyocytes communicate via gap junctions.
Cardiac muscle have specific isoforms of troponin I and T that have clinical relevance.

33
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

When cells grow in size.

34
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

When cells divide.

35
Q

What are purkinje fibres.

A

Large cells in the heart with abundant glycogen.
Sparse myofibrils and extensive gap junction sites.
They conduct action potentials rapidly compared to cardiac muscle fibres. 3-4 m/s vs 0.5 m/s.

36
Q

Why is the fast action potential conductance important?

A

It enables the ventricles to contract in a synchronous manner.

37
Q

Look at page 34 and watch the video.

A

Yup.

38
Q

Explain conduction in the heart.

A

The action potential originate in the Sino-atrial node and travels to the Atrio-ventricular node. Here the action potential pass slow through the AV node to give the atria time to contract. Then the AP travels rapidly across to the atrioventricular bundle into the interventricular septum where it branches out into the walls of both ventricles. Here the AP is carried out by the purkinje fibres which quickly conduct the AP. This allows the ventricles to then contract in unison.

39
Q

Outline the features of smooth muscle cells.

A

Cells are spindle shaped with a single large nucleus.

They are not striated, no sarcomeres and no T-tubules.

40
Q

Look at page 36, 37.

A

Yup.

41
Q

Where can you find smooth muscle?

A

Vascular structures

Gut, respiratory tract and genitourinary system.

42
Q

Since smooth muscle cells movement is involuntary how can this have clinical relevance?

A 
This can result in hypertension
Asthma
Abnormal gut mobility
Incontinence
IBS
Dysmenorrhea
43
Q

Is skeletal muscle repair possible? If yes, how?

A

Yes is it. Skeletal muscle cells cannot divide but can regenerate by mitotic activity by satellite cells. This causes hyperplasia to follow muscle injury. Satellite cells can also fuse with existing muscle cells to cause hypertrophy.

44
Q

Is cardiac muscle repair possible? If yes, how?

A

No. Adult cardiac muscle is incapable of any regeneration.

Following damage fibroblasts will invade, divide and lay down scar tissue.

45
Q

Is smooth muscle repair possible? If yes, how?

A

Yes. Smooth muscle cells retain their mitotic active and can form new smooth muscle cells.

46
Q

What are the three types of skeletal muscle fibres?

A

Slow twitch fibre (Type 1)
Type 2A fast twitch fibre
Type 2B fast twitch fibre

47
Q

What does the longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the small intestine do?

A

Causes dilation and shortening.

48
Q

What does the circular layer in the smooth muscle of the small intestine do?

A

Causes organ constriction and elongation.

Body Logistics (21 decks)

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