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LOCO 2 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What % of body weight is skin

A

12-15%

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2
Q

What does skin protect us from

A 
Physical trauma
Infection
Penetration of drugs/ chemicals
UV
Water loss
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3
Q

What are functions of skin, excluding protection

A

Insulation
Sensory info
Vit. D synthesis

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4
Q

What are the 2 main layers of the skin

A

Epidermis

Dermis

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5
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis

A

Stratified squamous

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6
Q

What is the major cell type of the epidermis

A

Keratinocyte

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7
Q

Four main layers of epidermis (bottom to top)

A

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum corneum

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8
Q

What do keratinocytes produce

A

Keratin

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9
Q

What is the most abundant protein in stratum corneum, hair and nails

A

Keratin

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of keratin and what makes them different

A

Soft, alpha type
Hard, beta type
Defined by secondary structure and S-S bonding

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11
Q

The expression pattern of keratins is specific to what

A

Epidermal layer

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12
Q

Where in the skin does proliferation occur

A

Basal layer

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13
Q

What maintains epidermis

A

Population of adult stem cells

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14
Q

Describe the characteristics of adult stem cells found in the epidermis

A

Long lived, slow cycling

Capable of self-renewal and terminal differentiation

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15
Q

What is the role of the basement membrane

A

Cell polarity
Regulating basal cell function
Anchoring epidermis to dermis

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16
Q

What does the basement membrane consist of

A

Laminin 332
Collagen IV
Collagen VII

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17
Q

What are hemidesmosomes

A

integrin receptors that link the keratin cytoskeleton to the basement membrane

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18
Q

How many cells thick is the stratum spinosum

A

3-4 cells thick

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19
Q

What gives the stratum spinosum its spiny appearance

A

Desmosomes

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20
Q

How many cells thick is the stratum granulosum

A

2-3 cells thick

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21
Q

What characterises stratum granulosum

A

Keratohyalin

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22
Q

Name 3 types of keratohyalin

A
  • Filaggrin
  • Involucrin
  • Loricrin
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23
Q

Which layer of skin is the main protective barrier

A

Stratum corneum

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24
Q

Describe the structure/ features of stratum corneum

A

Thick cornified envelope

Cross linked by enzymes

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25
Q

What is the role of intercellular lipids in stratum corneum

A

Maintain moisture

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26
Q

Are cells in stratum corneum dead or alive

A

Dead

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27
Q

Name 4 cell-cell adhesions seen in skin

A
  • Adherens junctions
  • Desmosome
  • Tight junction
  • Gap junction
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28
Q

What is an adherens junction

A

Cadherin receptor linked to actin cytoskeleton

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29
Q

What is a desmosome

A

Cadherin receptor linked to keratin cytoskeleton

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30
Q

What is a tight junction

A

Claudin and occludin seal intercellular space

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31
Q

What is a gap junction

A

INtercellular pore made up on connexins

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32
Q

What are the 3 layers of the dermis

A

Papillary
Reticular
Adipose

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33
Q

Function of the dermis

A

Provide strength and elasticity to skin

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34
Q

Is dermis vascular and innervated

A

Yes

35
Q

What is the most abundant cell in the dermis

A

Fibroblast

36
Q

Where does fibroblast originate

A

Mesenchyme

37
Q

What do fibroblasts synthesise

A

Collagen
Elastin
Proteoglycans

38
Q

Where is the papillary located

A

Beneath epidermis and BM

39
Q

What makes up the papillary

A

Fine, randomly orientated type 3 collagen and elastin

Also contains many blood capillaries

40
Q

Describe the structure of reticular

A

Large and densely packed collagen fibre

41
Q

What layer of the skin provides much of the muscular strength

A

Reticular

42
Q

What makes up a pilosebaceous unit

A

Hair follicle and sebaceous gland

43
Q

Name the 2 types of hair follicle

A

Vellus body hair

Terminal scalp/ secondary sexual hair

44
Q

What produces hair

A

Matrix keratinocytes

45
Q

What controls hair growth

A

Dermal papilla fibroblasts

46
Q

What do HF stem cells express

A

Keratin 15

47
Q

When do HF stem cells given rise to hair cells

A

Under normal conditions

48
Q

How do HF stem cells act upon wounding

A

Contribute to SG and epidemis

49
Q

What are the 3 phases of the hair cycle

A
  • Anagen-active
  • Catagen-regressive
  • Telogen- resting
50
Q

What kind of gland is a sebaceous gland

A

Exocrine

51
Q

When does sebaceous gland enlarge and why

A

Puberty because androgen sensitive

52
Q

What do mature sebocytes contain

A

Sebum

53
Q

How is sebum released

A

Cell ruptures

Sebum released into duct and onto skin

54
Q

What causes acne

A

Sebaceous gland infection

55
Q

What is the role of eccrine sweat glands

A

Thermoregulation

56
Q

What % of sweat is water

A

99

57
Q

What are the 2 main components of eccrine sweat gland

A

Excretory duct

Secretory coil

58
Q

What is an apocrine gland

A

Sweat gland associated with hair follicles

59
Q

What do apocrine secretions smell of

A

Nothing- odourless

60
Q

Where are apocrine glands found

A

Axilla and pubic region

61
Q

What do apocrine glands release

A

Volatile fatty acids

62
Q

Name 4 ‘other’ cell types found in skin

A

Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cell
Mast cell

63
Q

What kind of cell is a melanocyte

A

Dendritic cell

64
Q

What do melanocytes produce

A

Melanins such as eumelanin and pheomelanin

65
Q

Where are melanosomes injected into

A

Keratinocytes

66
Q

What is the function of melanocytes

A

Project against UV

67
Q

In which layers are Langerhan cells found

A

Basal and spinal

68
Q

What kind of cell is a Langerhan cell

A

Dendritic antigen presenting cell

69
Q

What cell is the first line of defence in skin

A

Langerhan

70
Q

What do Langerhan cells do

A

Present antigens to T lymphocytes

71
Q

Where are merkel cells found

A

Stratum basale

72
Q

What is the function of merkel cells

A

Sensory perception

73
Q

Where are mast cells found

A

Dermis

74
Q

Function of mast cells?

A

Immune response- secretes histamine

75
Q

What skin layers are compromised in a superficial wound

A

Epidermis

76
Q

What skin layers are compromised in a partial thickness wound

A

Epidermis and dermis

77
Q

What skin layers are compromised in a full thickness wound

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

78
Q

What are the 3 phases of normal wound healing

A

Inflammation
Proliferation
Maturation

79
Q

What happens in first 15 mins of inflammation and what cells are involved

A

Haemostasis

Endothelial cells

80
Q

What happens between 15 mins- 6 days in inflammation

A

Erythema, heat, swelling and pain due to endothelial cells, mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages and T lymphocytes

81
Q

Name 3 complications of wound healing

A

Infection
Chronic wounds
Scarring

82
Q

What is the definition of a chronic wound

A

Not healed after 6 weeks

83
Q

3 examples of chronic wounds

A

venous
pressure
diabetic ulcer

LOCO 2 (25 decks)

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