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HUBS192 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Skin Primary Layers (3)

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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2
Q

Epidermis (4)

A

Stratified barrier
Mostly keratinocytes (cells which produce keratin protein - in hair)
Avascular
Constant shedding

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3
Q

Dermis

A

Protein fibres for strength
Vascular (nourishes epidermis)

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4
Q

Hypodermis

A

Adipose tissue (fat stored & can be used for insulation OR feeding the body)
Common injection sites using hypodermic needles

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5
Q

Layers of Dermis

A

Papillary Layer - collagen & elastin fibres (for strength)
Reticular Layer - blood vessels & connective tissue supporting skin (hair follicles & sweat/oil glands found here)

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6
Q

Shapes of Epithelial (3)

A

Squamous (flat/squashed) - main type
Cuboidal (cubes)
Columnar (tall columns)

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7
Q

Epidermis Layers (CGSB)

A

Stratum Corneum (dead; shedded)
Stratum Granulosum (dries cells + waxy material for water-tight barrier in intercellular spaces)
Stratum Spinosum (skin flexibility)
Stratum Basale (columnar regenerative cells; basal cell divides = daughter cells become keratin which migrates up to replenish layer above)

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8
Q
  1. Desmosome
  2. Hemidesmosome
A
  1. Anchors cells together preventing things passing through (found throughout epidermis)
  2. Only found in basal layer to anchor it to dermis layer
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9
Q

Thick Skin Layers (CLGSB)

A

Come
stratum Lucidum = another layer of protection)
Get
Some
Burgers
e.g., palms, feet soles (no hair)

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10
Q

Cutaneous Plexus

A

Blood vessels present at epidermis/dermis junction
Supplies hypodermis, deeper dermis including capillaries for hair follicles & sweat glands

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11
Q

Subpapillary Plexus

A

Branches from cutaneous plexus; lies deep to papillary layer of dermis
Blood vessels providing oxygen & nutrients to upper dermis & epidermis

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12
Q

First-Degree Burn (4)

A

Superficial (outer layers of epidermis)
Erythema
Skin remains water/bacterial barrier
Heals 3-10 days

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13
Q

Normal Second-Degree Burn (3)

A

Epidermis & varying dermis amounts
Moist, erythema & blistered
Heal 1-2 weeks (needs good dressing)

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14
Q

Deeper Second-Degree Burn (4)

A

White-ish, waxy areas
Hair follicles & sweat glands may remain
Heal 1 month
May lose some sensation + scarring

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15
Q

Third-Degree Burn (4)

A

Extends into subcutaneous tissue & may involve muscle & bone
Could be waxy white + deep red/black
Hard, dry, leathery skin
Sensory nerve endings destroyed = sensation lost
May require skin grafting
Weeks/months to regenerate + scarring

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16
Q

Skin Accessory Structures (4)

A

Hair
Sweat Glands
Nails
Receptors

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17
Q

Hair

A

Made of dead, keratinised cells produced inside hair follicle

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18
Q
  1. Arrector Pili Muscle
  2. Root hair plexus
  3. Sebaceous glands
  4. Lanolin
A
  1. Contraction = goosebumps (insulation)
  2. Sensory nerves at follicle base (sensation)
  3. Sebum (oily) nourish hair & moisturise skin; blocked follicles + infection (too much sebum) = acne
  4. Sheep sebum in skin care products
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19
Q

Eccrine

A

Most areas of skin
secretes onto skin (important for thermoregulation & excretion)
Some antibacterial action

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20
Q

Apocrine (3)

A

Specific areas (armpit, groin, around nipple)
Secrete sticky/oily & sometimes odorous into follicle base
Influenced by hormones e.g., lactation

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21
Q

Nails (3)

A

Protect fingertips/toes
Enhance sensation
Sensory receptors require deformation (deformation limited by nail; avoid injury)

22
Q

Skin Aging (4)

A

Degrading collagen
Degrading elastin (loose skin)
Slower Healing
Less sebum (drier epidermis)

23
Q

Smoking (4)

A

Damages collagen & elastin
Poor wound healing
Acne
Skin & oral cancer

24
Q

Melanocytes

A

Cell which produces/contains pigment melanin
Only found in Stratum basale

25
Q

Melanosomes

A

Found throughout epidermis (shed w/ keratinocytes)
Vesicles containing melanin (transfers melanin to epidermal cells)

26
Q

Mole

A

Cluster of melanocytes (over-proliferation can be due to sun exposure)

27
Q

Vitamin D

A

UV exposure required for vitamin D synthesis
Essential for normal Ca2+ metabolism & strong bones

28
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma (3)

A

Common but relatively gentle
Originates in stratum basale
Spread is rare

29
Q

Malignant Melanoma (3)

A

Rare but deadly
Originates in melanocytes
Highly spreadable

30
Q

Tattoo

A

Placed on dermal layer
Captured in immune cells/scar tissue

31
Q

Melanin

A

Absorbs UV light (protects cells from UV damage)

32
Q

Freckle

A

Melanocytes overproducing melanosomes (over-production triggered by sun exposure)

33
Q

Sebum is an oily secretion produced by _______

A

Sebaceous glands

34
Q

Melanocytes found in the ____

A

Stratum basale

35
Q

Moles are caused due to over-proliferation of _____

A

Melanocytes

36
Q

Two types of sweat glands are _____ & _______

A

Eccrine & Apocrine

37
Q

Free Nerve Endings (4)

A
  • mostly unmyelinated small diameter fibres
  • usually small swellings at sensory terminals
  • responds to various stimuli (temp, noci-, movement/pressure)
  • activation leads to AP in axon sending signals to CNS
38
Q

Receptor Types (5)

A

Free nerve endings
Tactile discs
Tactile corpuscles
Lamella corpuscles
Bulbous corpuscles

39
Q

Tactile Discs (4)

A
  • FNE in deepest epidermis layer
  • Abundant in fingertips & small receptive fields; good for 2-pt discriminated
  • Fine touch & light pressure
  • texture, shape & edges
40
Q

Tactile Corpuscles (5)

A
  • in papillary layer of dermis
  • branching unmyelinated sensory terminals surrounded by Schwann & thin oval FCT capsule
  • Capsule deformation = Na+ enters terminal = AP
  • sensitive to shape/textural changes (fine/discriminative touch)
  • low fqncy vibration & light pressure
41
Q

Lamella Corpuscles (7)

A
  • scattered deep in dermis & hypodermis
  • single dendrite lying in concentric layers of collagen fibres & specialised fibroblasts
  • layers separated by gelatinous interstitial fluid
  • capsule deformation = pressure sensitive Na+ channels open in sensory axon
  • inner layers covering axon terminal relax quickly = rapid adaption as AP discontinues
  • deep pressure (when first applied)
  • vibration (due to rapid adaptation)
42
Q

Bulbous Corpuscles (7)

A
  • in dermis & subcutaneous tissue
  • network of nerve endings mixed w/ core of collagen fibres that are continuous w/ surrounded dermis; capsule surrounds entire structure
  • important for signalling continuous states of deformation of tissue like heavy prolonged touch & pressure signals
  • also found in joint capsules where help signal degree of joint rotation
  • in fingers can help to modulate grip
  • sustained deep pressure
  • stretching/distortion of skin
43
Q

How is skin temp regulated?

A

Via vasoconstriction/dilation of blood vessels occurring via smooth muscle in vessel & precapillary sphincters controlled by SNS (fight/flight)

44
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

reduced blood flow (conserve heat)

45
Q

Vasodilation

A

increase blood flow (get rid of excess heat)

46
Q

Noradrenaline (hormone)

A

reduce skin blood flow by acting on alpha-1 adrenergic receptors found in smooth muscle of vessels which activate 2nd mssngr path to increase Ca2+ in cell leading to vasoconstriction = decreased blood flow

47
Q

Decreasing activation of alpha-1 receptors…

A

Causes vasodilation = increased blood flow

48
Q

Structure/Function Eccrine Sweat Glands (3)

A
  • innervated by sympathetic cholinergic fibres
  • AcH released onto g-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) known as mAChRs causing sweating
  • some glands also stimulated by adrenaline on to B-receptors (i.e., nervous sweating)
49
Q

Eccrine Role in Thermoregulation

A
  • there’s heat loss/gain centres in hypothalamus
  • when temp rises above set pt, heat loss centre activates THUS cholinergic activation of mAChRs increases on eccrine –> sweating
50
Q

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer (4)

A

Conduction = direct contact
Convection = constant heat transfer via air, water etc
Radiation = heat transfer via infared rays
Evaporation = heat loss via energy used in water evaporation (e.g., sweating)

HUBS192 (11 decks)

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