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HUBS192 > POPH192 L17-19 > Flashcards

POPH192 L17-19 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of distribution (descriptive) & determinants (analytic) of health related States or events in specified populations

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2
Q

Descriptive Epidemiology

A

Person, place, time
(what is it; who is involved; where; when it occurred)
- observational

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3
Q

Analytic Epidemiology

A

Quantifies association btwn exposures & outcomes (why we see relo btwn exposure & outcome)
- causation
- observation/intervention studies

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4
Q

Cross-sectional Studies

A

Measures exposures &/or outcomes at one time pt.

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5
Q

What is CSS used for

A
  • describe prevalence of exposures/health conditions in pop
  • compare prevalence
  • generate hypotheses
  • plan (e.g., health service delivery)
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6
Q

What does CSS measure?

A

Prevalence: proportion of defined pop who have disease at a pt in time

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7
Q

CSS Strengths

A
  • can assess multiple exposures & outcomes at same time
  • depending on research q (might be suitable); can measure prevalence, distribution of prevalence in pop, hypothesis generation
  • less expensive/relatively quick
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8
Q

CSS Limitations

A
  • can’t establish temporal sqnce (exposure or outcome first?
  • doesn’t measure incidence (onset of disease)
  • not good for studying rare exposures/outcomes
  • not good for studying transient/variable exposures/outcomes
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9
Q

Ecological Studies

A

Compare exposure & outcomes across GROUPS not individuals (like countries)

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10
Q

What is EcS used for?

A
  • compare btwn pop
  • assess pop lvl factors
  • consider hypotheses
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11
Q

EcS Strengths

A
  • depends on research q
    - pop lvl exposures
    - consideration of hypotheses
  • data often routinely colleted
    - relatively easy to do/inexpensive
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12
Q

EcS Limitations

A
  • ecological fallacy (when association found to occur at group lvl doesn’t occur at individual lvl)
  • can’t control confounding
  • can’t show causation
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13
Q

Comparison Group Importance

A
  • est how common outcome is in ppl w/ out exposure we’re looking at
  • determines whether exposure is associated w/ outcome (if occurrence of outcome is diff btwn the two groups, suggests exposure is associated w/ change in risk of outcome)
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14
Q

Outcome more common in exposed group

A

Exposure is a risk factor for outcome

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15
Q

Outcome less common in exposed group

A

Exposure may be protective

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16
Q

PECOT

A

Population - group of ppl in study
Exposure - what potential determinant is
Comparison - what potential determinant is being compared to
Outcome - health outcome being assessed
Time - how long ppl are followed up

17
Q

Measures of Association

A

Relative Risk (ratio) & Risk Difference
- quantify degree to which an exposure increases/decreases occurrence of outcome

18
Q

Relative risk (ratio)

A

How many times as likely exposed group will develop outcome that comparison group
- Exposed/Comparison = Relative Risk

19
Q

Risk Difference

A

How many extra/fewer cases of outcome in exposed group are attributable to exposure?
- reported differently for incidence proportion & incidence rate

20
Q

Greater Incidence of outcome in Exposed group

A

Bad outcome, exposure is potentially risk factor for outcome

21
Q

Same Incidence of Outcome

A

Exposure doesn’t change occurrence of outcome THUS no association btwn exposure & outcome
- this is Null Value

22
Q

Greater incidence of outcome in comparison group

A

Bad outcome, exposure is potentially protective factor for outcome

23
Q

Interpreting RR

A

Exposed Group, Owners of dogs w/ T2D
Outcome, were 1.38x as likely
Value, to develop T2D
Comparison Group, as owners of dogs w/ out T2D

24
Q

Risk Difference

A

How many fewer/extra cases of outcome in exposed group are attributable to exposure
- Null value = 0

25
Q

Cohort Study

A

Analytic-Observational: observing ppls exposures & what happens to them
- individuals defined on basis of presence/absence of exposure to suspected risk factor

26
Q

Cohort Studies Strengths (4)

A
  • determines temporal sequence btwn exposure & outcome
  • examines multiple outcomes from exposure
  • can calculate incidence (& thus RR & RD)
  • good for studying rare exposures
27
Q

Cohort Studies Limitations (6)

A
  • Loss to follow-up may lead to bias
  • potential for misclassification of exposures/outcomes
  • generally not good for studying rare outcomes
  • time consuming + expensive
  • can be inefficient w/ transient/acute exposures
28
Q

Prospective Cohort Study

A

Starts at exposure

29
Q

Historical Cohort Study Strengths

A

Starts at Outcome
- less time consuming + inexpensive
- good for outcomes that take long time to develop

30
Q

HCS Limitations (3)

A
  • Quality of data unknown
  • all relevant factors not considered
  • selection bias (selection of data)

HUBS192 (11 decks)

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