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HUBS192 > POPH192 L20-22 > Flashcards

POPH192 L20-22 Flashcards

1
Q

Case

A

People w/ outcome

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2
Q

Controls

A

People w/ out outcome

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3
Q

Case-Control Strengths

A
  • Rare/slow to develop outcomes
  • acute/transient exposures
  • multiple exposures
  • temporal sequencing
  • CAN be quick & inexpensive
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4
Q

Case-Control Limitations

A
  • can only study one outcome
  • difficult to select appropriate control group
  • can be susceptible to selection & recall bias
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5
Q

Odds Ratio

A

Assess odds of exposure cases & odds of exposure in controls (can’t calculate incidence)
- null value = 1

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6
Q

Measures of Association

A
  • odds ratio
  • risk ratio
  • risk difference
  • rate ratio
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7
Q

Odds of Exposure Cases

A

cases exposed
(divided by)
cases not exposed

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8
Q

Odds of Exposure Controls

A

controls exposed
(divided by)
controls not exposed

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9
Q

Odds Ratio Calculation

A

Odds of exposure cases
(divided by)
Odds of exposure controls

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10
Q

Odds Ratio Interpretation (4)

A
  • exposed group
  • value
  • outcome
  • comparison group
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11
Q

OddsRatio > 1

A

Exposure is a risk factor to developing the outcome

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12
Q

OddsRatio < 1

A

Exposure is a protective factor against developing outcome

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13
Q

Randomised Controlled Trial

A

Participants randomly allocated to groups/always have a comparison (control) group/testing effect of interventions/treatments
- Treatment group & control group compared to find out succession of treatment/intervention

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14
Q

Randomisation

A

Stops confounding
- randomly assigning participants to intervention OR control

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15
Q

Protect Randomisation

A
  • Large numbers: More likely to lead to balanced groups w/ large number of participants
  • Concealment of Allocation
  • Intention-to-treat analysis
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16
Q

Intention-to-treat Analysis

A

Includes all randomized patients, regardless of their adherence with the study criteria; regardless if they stayed or not

17
Q

RCT Strengths

A
  • best way to evaluate in intervention
  • can calculate incidence & thus give measure of association for treatments
  • Gives strongest info for causal association
18
Q

RCT Limitations

A
  • ethical issues
  • not all exposures are suitable to be randomly allocated
  • difficult to achieve binding
  • potential loss to follow up & non-adherence
  • resource intensive
  • highly selective - need to meet all inclusion criteria & willing
19
Q

Beneficence

20
Q

Non-maleficence

21
Q

Informed Consent

22
Q

Justice

23
Q

Clinical Equipoise

24
Q

Conflicts of Interest

HUBS192 (11 decks)

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