Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HUBS191 > SKIN > Flashcards

SKIN Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skin

A
  • Protection against fluid loss, abrasion, and chemical attack
  • Excretion of salt
  • Temperature control
  • Melanin protection
  • Vitamin D3 synthesis which is converted to calcitriol for Ca metabolism.
  • Lipid storage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three key layers of the skin

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Hypodermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A
  • Simple epithelia – singular layer
  • Stratified epithelia – Multiple layers
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What makes up the epidermis. Function?

A
  • Mostly made of stratified squamous epithelial tissue.
  • Function: Protection from abrasion
  • Primarily made from keratinocytes but also contains other cell types.
  • Has no circulation/blood vessels.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A
  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum Basale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What makes up the dermis

A
  • Made of dense irregular connective tissue
  • Papillary layer and reticular layer.
  • Contains protein fibres for strength.
  • Contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
  • Also contains accessory structures like hair follicle.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What makes up the hypodermis

A
  • Made of loose connective tissue
  • Constant thickness
  • Functions: connects the skin to the rest of the body, provides cushioning, energy storage.
  • Contains large blood vessels.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does hair consist of? How does acne occur?

A
  • Consists of the hair shaft, follicle, arrector pili muscle, and sebaceous gland.
  • Acne occurs when there is a blockage of hair follicles and subsequent infection.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands? And what do they do?

A
  • Eccrine glands – main types present everywhere which secrete a watery, electrolyte rich substance for thermoregulation.
  • Apocrine glands – Specialized glands present in the axillae, groin, and nipples. Secrete a viscous solution into the hair follicles which open on the skin surface.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What its a mole?

A

Cluster of melanocytes which can be caused by sun exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is melanin?

A

pigment produced in melanocytes which absorbs UV light to prevent cell DNA damage.
- Melanin is transferred to epidermal cell via melanosomes (vesicles containing melanin).
- Melanocytes are located in the stratum Basale while melanosomes are throughout the epidermis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vitamin D deficiency. Who is effected more? What are the effects?

A
  • Highly pigmented people are more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency due to their decrease in UV exposure.
  • Vitamin D synthesis occurs with UV exposure. Vitamin D is converted to calcitriol which plays an important role in Ca metabolism and bone strengthening.
  • Low vitamin D can cause rickets (soft bones).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are tattoos?

A
  • Permanent, artificial pigmentation usually deposited deep within the dermal skin layer an captured within immune cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is skin aging? And what effect does it have?

A
  • Thinning and drier epidermis
  • Thin dermis - wrinkling
  • Slower skin repair.
  • Impaired cooling (less sweat production).
  • Less pigmentation.
  • Smoking and sun exposure speeds up skin aging.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 5 types of skin receptors?

A
  1. Free nerve endings
  2. Tactile Discs
  3. Tactile corpuscles
  4. Lamellar corpuscles
  5. Bulbous corpuscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are free nerve endings? What is their function? their Structure, and location.

A

Location; epidermis
- Most common type of skin receptors
Structure: Consists mostly of small diameter unmyelinated C group fibres (slow signals carrying dull pain) and small diameter group A delta myelinated fibres (fast signals carrying sharp pain).
Sensory terminals are swellings at the distal nerve ending that receive the sensation.
Function: Receptors such as TRPV1 (cation channel) are on the terminal which cause depolarization of the nerve ending and action potential firing, and interpretation of stimulus at the somatosensory cortex).

16
Q

Tactile discs. Location, Structure, and what are they stimulated by?

A

Location: Deepest layer of the epidermis
- Abundant in the fingertips and have small receptive fields (good two-point discrimination).
Structure: Consists of a large disc shaped epidermal cell and a free nerve ending made of myelinated, medium diameter group A-beta cells.
Communication between the Merkel discs and tactile disc is serotonergic (neurotransmitter releases serotonin).
Stimulated by: Texture, shape and edges, fine touch and light pressure.
- Sensitive to the physical features of objects.

17
Q

Tactile corpuscles?

A

Location: Dermal papillae
- Dense in areas of skin without hair
Structure: Branched/spiraled unmyelinated sensory nerve terminals encapsulated by modified Schwann cells and then a thin oval sheet of FCT which forms the outer capsule.
Function: When the corpuscle is deformed, it triggers the release of Na+ ions into the nerve terminal causing an action potential firing.
Stimulated by: Mainly fine or discriminative touch – sensitive to the shape and textural changes and movement of objects over there surface of the skin.
- Also stimulated by light pressure and low frequency vibrations.

18
Q

Lamellar Corpuscles?

A

Location: Deep dermis and hypodermis
- Also found in a variety of other organs.
Structure: Consists of a single dendrite lying within concentric layers of collagen and specialized fibroblasts.
- The layers of collagen are separated by gelatinous interstitial fluid, meaning the dendrite is isolated from other stimuli because of position and structure.
Function: Deformation of the capsule open pressure sensitive Na+ channels in the sensory axon. The inner layers covering the axon terminal relax quickly so that Ap’s are discontinued.
Stimulated by: Deep pressure and vibration.

19
Q

Bulbous corpuscles

A

Location: deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue, joint capsules and fingernails.
Structure: Formed of a network of dendrites intertwined with a core of collagen fibres that are continuous with that of the surrounding dermis, all surrounded by a capsule.
Function: Important for signaling continuous states of deformation of tissues. E.g., heavy, prolonged touch.
- In joint capsules they have a role in proprioception of joint movement, in the fingernails they may have some role in monitoring the slippage of objects across the surface of the skin.
Stimulated by: Sustained deep pressure and stretching/distortion of skin.

20
Q

How is blood flow controlled in the skin?

A
  • Smooth muscle in the artery wall Is under control of the sympathetic nervous system.
  • Precapillary sphincters are located at the junction between arteries and capillaries, these are also under sympathetic control.
  • Noradrenaline acts on the alpha 1 adrenergic receptors to cause constriction of the capillaries and reduced skin blood flow.
21
Q

What are the four main mechanisms for heat transfer?

A

Radiation – infra-red rays from our body to environment.

Evaporation – moisture on body is evaporated by heat energy.

Conduction – when our body is in contact with another cooler object heat transfer will occur down a gradient.

Convection – When there is flow of air/water surrounding the body, meaning there in no decrease in the heat flow gradient and heat is constantly passed.

22
Q

What are eccrine sweat glands

A
  • Allow us to decrease our body temperature by evaporation.
  • They produce sweat in the cells of the gland, and this is then released by exocytosis into the ducts.
  • The secretion is watery and contains electrolytes and antibacterial.
  • Innervated by the sympathetic nervous system.
23
Q

First degree burns. What parts of the skin do they affect? How long do they take to heal? Features.

A
  • Superficial – only involving outer layer of epidermis.
  • Red/pink in colour, dry and painful (as skin receptors are still functioning), with no blisters.
  • Skin is still intact and retains its barrier properties.
  • 3-10 days to heal.
24
Q

Second degree burns. What parts of the skin do they affect? How long do they take to heal? Features.

A
  • Can be partial or full thickness of the dermis.
  • Partial second degree burns are painful, moist, red and blistered, healing in 1-2 weeks.
  • Full thickness burns are pink/red/white mottled with blisters and oedema, healing in ~1 month.
  • In a full thickness second degree burn, some receptors may be lost but hair follicles ans sweat glands remain.
25
Q

Third degree burns. What parts of the skin do they affect? How long do they take to heal? Features.

A
  • Full thickness of the skin
  • Can be black/white/red.
  • All receptors have been destroyed so no pain.
  • Weeks or even months to regenerate.
26
Q

Complications of burns

A
  • Dehydration and hypovolemic shock
  • Infection/sepsis
  • Hypothermia
  • Hyperkalemia

HUBS191 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions