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HUBS191 > HUBS191 Module 1 > Flashcards

HUBS191 Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four tissue types?

A

Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue

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2
Q

Connective tissue

A

45% of all tissue
Stuctural framework for the body
Blood, lymph, cartilage, and bone

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3
Q

Three types of Muscle Tissue

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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4
Q

Function and feature of epithelial tissue

A

Physical protection
Permeable

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5
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Afferent, efferent information
Contains support cells which maintain, protect and regulate neurons
Examples: Brain, spinal cord, neurons, nerves

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6
Q

Who needs to give consent to donate human tissue under the human tissue act 2008

A

needs informed consent from both donor and family member.

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7
Q

6 key functions of the skeleton?

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Calcium and phosphate reserve
Haematopoiesis
Fat storage

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8
Q

Parts of the skeleton

A

Axial skeleton
- protect and support internal organs
- skull, vertebrae, rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
- Primary function is movement
- limbs

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9
Q

Types of bone tissue

A

Cancellous
Compact

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10
Q

Five key types of bone

A
  1. Flat bone
  2. Irregular bone
  3. Sesamoid bone
  4. Short bone - weight bearing
  5. Long bone - levers for movement
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11
Q

Bones of the hand

A

8 Carpals
5 Metacarpals
14 Phalanges

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12
Q

Bones of the foot

A

7 Tarsals
5 Metatarsals
14 Phalanges

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13
Q

What is the Epiphysis? And features

A

Distal and proximal ends of the bone
Cancellous bone
Covered in hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

Metaphysis

A

Area connecting the epiphysis to the diaphysis

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15
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone
Compact bone
Contains yellow marrow
Blood vessels and nerves

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16
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Space in the cavity which contains fatty bone marrow
Lined with endosteum

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17
Q

What is the endosteum

A

Membrane that lines the medullary cavity, containing osteoblasts to build bone.

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18
Q

Periosteum

A

Thick sheath of dense irregular connective tissue covering the bone surface
Perforating fibres hold the periosteum to bone

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19
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Clavicle and scapula

20
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Hip bones and sacrum enables weight distribution to the lower limbs

21
Q

Male vs Female pelvis

A

Female pelvis has a circular pelvic inlet as opposed to a male pelvis with more long shaped pelvic inlet
Female pelvis had a wider sub pubic arch
Female pelvis has a shorter straighter sacrum

22
Q

Male vs Female pelvis

A

Female pelvis has a circular pelvic inlet as opposed to a male pelvis with more long shaped pelvic inlet
Female pelvis had a wider sub pubic arch
Female pelvis has a shorter straighter sacrum

23
Q

What is the organic component of bone formed out of? And what is the organic component’s main function?

A

Collagen (protein)
Ground substance (proteoglycans)
The Main function of the organic component is to resist tension

24
Q

What is the inorganic component of bone formed out of? And what is the inorganic component’s main function?

A

Hydroxyapatite (mineral salts)
- makes the bone hard
Function is to resist compression

25
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Create bone
Synthesis, deposit, and mineralise osteoids
Later differentiate into osteocytes

26
Q

Osteocytes
Where are they located?
How do they communicate?

A

Precursor: osteoblasts
Function is to maintain bone tissue, communicating through canaliculi
Located in Lacunae (lakes for osteocytes)

27
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Precursor: monocyte lineage
Secrete enzymes and acids to dissolve the bone matrix - causing bone remodelling. (destroy bone)
Located wherever bone reabsorption is occurring

28
Q

What is compact bone made of

A

Osteons. Osteons are the unit on compact bone. Compact bone forms the outer layer/ diaphysis of long bones.

29
Q

Lamallae

A

Lamallae are tubes of ECM with collagen fibre which are aligned to resist forces

30
Q

Lacunae

A

Lakes for osteocytes

31
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small channels that connect the lacunae housing the osteocytes together. They allow of communication between osteocytes and the spread of nutrients.

32
Q

Osteon remodelling from appositional growth

A

Bone growth continues outwards as circumferential lamellae are formed.

33
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Made of struts of trabeculae
Osteocytes are located within lacunae on the surfaces of trabeculae.
Cancellous bone is synthesised outwards
No blood vessels, blood is supplied through medullary cavity
Located at the epiphysis’s of long bones
Trabeculae from along lines of stress to provide strength to the bone

34
Q

6 Key functions of the muscles?

A
  1. Movement
  2. Stability of joints
  3. Communication
  4. Control of body openings and protection of internal organs
  5. Heat production
  6. Store of energy and protein
35
Q

Tendon

A

Attaches muscle to bone

36
Q

Ligament

A

Attaches bone to bone

37
Q

Muscle fibres are ensheathed in

A

endomysium

38
Q

Fascicles are unsheathed in

A

perimysium

39
Q

Muscle are ensheathed in

A

epimysium

40
Q

Order from smallest to largest:
Myofibrils, Sarcomeres, Mucles fibers, Muscles, Fascicles, Myofilaments

A

Myofilaments - Sarcomeres - Myofibrils - Mucles fibers - Fascicles - Muscles

41
Q

Myofilaments

A

Organised arrays of actin and myosin proteins in a repeated pattern

42
Q

Actin is a ___ filament

Myosin is a ____ filament

A

Thin

Thick

43
Q

T tubules

A

T tubules are tubular extensions of the cell surface membrane. Their job is to conduct electrical signal deep into the core of the fiber.

44
Q

What is a motor unit

A

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

45
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

The specific point where the motor nerve terminates onto the muscle

HUBS191 (11 decks)

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