HUBS191 Module 1 Flashcards
What are the four tissue types?
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue
Connective tissue
45% of all tissue
Stuctural framework for the body
Blood, lymph, cartilage, and bone
Three types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Function and feature of epithelial tissue
Physical protection
Permeable
Nervous tissue
Afferent, efferent information
Contains support cells which maintain, protect and regulate neurons
Examples: Brain, spinal cord, neurons, nerves
Who needs to give consent to donate human tissue under the human tissue act 2008
needs informed consent from both donor and family member.
6 key functions of the skeleton?
Support
Protection
Movement
Calcium and phosphate reserve
Haematopoiesis
Fat storage
Parts of the skeleton
Axial skeleton
- protect and support internal organs
- skull, vertebrae, rib cage
Appendicular skeleton
- Primary function is movement
- limbs
Types of bone tissue
Cancellous
Compact
Five key types of bone
- Flat bone
- Irregular bone
- Sesamoid bone
- Short bone - weight bearing
- Long bone - levers for movement
Bones of the hand
8 Carpals
5 Metacarpals
14 Phalanges
Bones of the foot
7 Tarsals
5 Metatarsals
14 Phalanges
What is the Epiphysis? And features
Distal and proximal ends of the bone
Cancellous bone
Covered in hyaline cartilage
Metaphysis
Area connecting the epiphysis to the diaphysis
Diaphysis
Shaft of the bone
Compact bone
Contains yellow marrow
Blood vessels and nerves
Medullary Cavity
Space in the cavity which contains fatty bone marrow
Lined with endosteum
What is the endosteum
Membrane that lines the medullary cavity, containing osteoblasts to build bone.
Periosteum
Thick sheath of dense irregular connective tissue covering the bone surface
Perforating fibres hold the periosteum to bone
Pectoral girdle
Clavicle and scapula
Pelvic girdle
Hip bones and sacrum enables weight distribution to the lower limbs
Male vs Female pelvis
Female pelvis has a circular pelvic inlet as opposed to a male pelvis with more long shaped pelvic inlet
Female pelvis had a wider sub pubic arch
Female pelvis has a shorter straighter sacrum
Male vs Female pelvis
Female pelvis has a circular pelvic inlet as opposed to a male pelvis with more long shaped pelvic inlet
Female pelvis had a wider sub pubic arch
Female pelvis has a shorter straighter sacrum
What is the organic component of bone formed out of? And what is the organic component’s main function?
Collagen (protein)
Ground substance (proteoglycans)
The Main function of the organic component is to resist tension
What is the inorganic component of bone formed out of? And what is the inorganic component’s main function?
Hydroxyapatite (mineral salts)
- makes the bone hard
Function is to resist compression
Osteoblasts
Create bone
Synthesis, deposit, and mineralise osteoids
Later differentiate into osteocytes
Osteocytes
Where are they located?
How do they communicate?
Precursor: osteoblasts
Function is to maintain bone tissue, communicating through canaliculi
Located in Lacunae (lakes for osteocytes)
Osteoclasts
Precursor: monocyte lineage
Secrete enzymes and acids to dissolve the bone matrix - causing bone remodelling. (destroy bone)
Located wherever bone reabsorption is occurring
What is compact bone made of
Osteons. Osteons are the unit on compact bone. Compact bone forms the outer layer/ diaphysis of long bones.
Lamallae
Lamallae are tubes of ECM with collagen fibre which are aligned to resist forces
Lacunae
Lakes for osteocytes
Canaliculi
Small channels that connect the lacunae housing the osteocytes together. They allow of communication between osteocytes and the spread of nutrients.
Osteon remodelling from appositional growth
Bone growth continues outwards as circumferential lamellae are formed.
Cancellous bone
Made of struts of trabeculae
Osteocytes are located within lacunae on the surfaces of trabeculae.
Cancellous bone is synthesised outwards
No blood vessels, blood is supplied through medullary cavity
Located at the epiphysis’s of long bones
Trabeculae from along lines of stress to provide strength to the bone
6 Key functions of the muscles?
- Movement
- Stability of joints
- Communication
- Control of body openings and protection of internal organs
- Heat production
- Store of energy and protein
Tendon
Attaches muscle to bone
Ligament
Attaches bone to bone
Muscle fibres are ensheathed in
endomysium
Fascicles are unsheathed in
perimysium
Muscle are ensheathed in
epimysium
Order from smallest to largest:
Myofibrils, Sarcomeres, Mucles fibers, Muscles, Fascicles, Myofilaments
Myofilaments - Sarcomeres - Myofibrils - Mucles fibers - Fascicles - Muscles
Myofilaments
Organised arrays of actin and myosin proteins in a repeated pattern
Actin is a ___ filament
Myosin is a ____ filament
Thin
Thick
T tubules
T tubules are tubular extensions of the cell surface membrane. Their job is to conduct electrical signal deep into the core of the fiber.
What is a motor unit
A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Neuromuscular junction
The specific point where the motor nerve terminates onto the muscle
