Skill In Sport Flashcards
Characteristics of skill
1) Learned- through practice, repetition and feedback
2) Has an end result- skill is goal oriented. Important for the performer to be aware of the goal.
3) Skill results in economic and efficient movement- meet performance goals with minimal outlay of energy
4) skilled performers achieve their goals consistently
Skill
Consistent production of goal oriented movements which are learned and specific to the task.
Types of skills
Motor skills, cognitive skills, perceptual skills, perceptual motor skills
Motor skills
Skills that emphasize movement but do not require much thinking (weightlifting)
Cognitive skills
Ability to solve problems by thinking. (Playing chess)
Perceptual skills
Perception is the process by which we sense things and interpret them. Take info from our environment and making decisions. (Deciding what type of shot to hit in golf)
Perceptual motor skills
Reading environmental stimuli and the motor reaction that follows.
Discrete skills
Have a clear start and finish and are usually brief, though well defined. (Golf swing, forward roll)
Serial skills
Linking together skills to form larger, more complex movements. (Triple jump)
Continuous skills
Where the end of one cycle of movement is the beginning of the next. Repetitive, rhythmical, long duration. (Swimming, running, cycling)
Open skills
Are significantly affected by environmental conditions, which dictate the pace. (Soccer, hockey)
Closed skills
Are performed in a more stable and predictable environment, can be paced by the performer. Patterns of movement. (Golf)
Gross motor skills
Involve large muscle groups such as arms and legs. (Walking, jumping, running)
Fine motor skills
Involve much smaller muscle groups and fine movements. Intricate, precise, hand eye coordination (playing piano, catching a ball)
Differentiate between Individual, Coactive and Interactive skills.
Individual are performed alone, Coactive are performed with but not directly confronting others, and interactive are performing while directly involved with others.
Define ability
Ability refers to a general trait or capacity of the individual that is related to the performance potential of a variety of skills or tasks.
Characteristics of ability
A mainly stable trait, genetically determined, developed through maturation, modified by experience.
Fleishman’s Perceptual Motor ability
Abilities that allow individual performers to make take in and process info and decide how and when to move. Almost all sports skills will be a combination of perceptor and motor ability.
Fleishman’s Physical proficiency abilities
Those relating to the actual movements (strength, speed of limb movement, etc)
Technique
“Way of doing”. In the performance of a specific sports skill it is defined as the way in which a sports skill is performed.
Relationship between ability, skill and technique.
Skill = ability + technique
Differences between a skilled and novice performer
Skilled perform with accuracy more consistently than novices can. Also have more control and can perform the task more efficiently. The skill is learned already by the skilled, whereas the novice is still learning. More fluency.
Information processing
The system by which we take info from our surrounding environment, use it to make a decision and then produce a response:
Input-decision-making-output
Exteroceptors
Provide information from outside the body, from external environments. Include vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell.
Proprioceptors
Receptor responsible for telling us where we are oriented in space. Also tells us which muscles are contracted and which joints extended three components of proprioception are touch, equilibrium and kinethesis.
Interoceptors
Provide sensory info from within the body. (Lung stretch receptors, chemoreceptors, movement of internal organs, hunger)
Signal detection process
Signal- important info
Noise- non essential background info
Probability of detecting any given signal depends on the intensity of the signal compared to the intensity of the background. Likelihood of detecting signal depends on the interaction between 2 variables: sensitivity and bias.
Short term sensory memory
Unlimited capacity.
Duration less than one second.
Only retained and processed if it is attended to and is sent to short term memory
Short term memory
Capacity- 7+/-2 items
Duration- 10-20 seconds without rehearsal
Must be rehearsed to be sent to the long term memory.
Long term memory
Unlimited capacity
Duration approximately a century
Retrieval recalled and moved to short term memory.
Selective attention and memory
SA operated in short term sensory, where the relevant info is passed to short term memory. (All distractions and info irrelevant to what you are doing is eliminated preventing information overload)
Methods of memory improvement
Brevity, clarity, chunking, association, organization, rehearsal, practice.
Brevity
Only able to process a little at a time (3 coaching points, then practice)
Clarity
Keep it simple to start and add complexity later. Introducing similar topics at the same time can cause interference. (Tennis to badminton transfer)
Chunking
Can hold more info in our short term memory if we chunk it into meaningful units.
Association
Link new knowledge to that you already know. (Teach individual components that will be linked into one fluid movement)
Organization
Organize the info we are to learn and make it meaningful (coaches sometimes use imagery)
Rehearsal
Go over info again and again to ensure relevant info is passed into our long term memory. Needs to be stored if it is to be rehearsed.
Practice
Related to rehearsal, practicing new things shuttles info between short and long term memory. Improves memory trace, making info more readily available.
Response time
Speed in which we complete an action.
Response = reaction time + movement time
Factors that determine response time
Age Sex Health Body temperature Personality Length of neural pathways State of alertness Intensity of stimuli Probability of stimulus occurring Existence of warning signals
