Anatomy & Movement Flashcards
Describe the Appendicular skeleton
Helps us perform locomotor tasks. Body parts that are attached to the axial skeleton. (Appendages) Consists of: -clavicle -scapula -humerus -ulna -femur -radius -patella Etc.
Describe the Axial Skeleton
Protects and supports vital organs. Consists of:
- skull
- sternum
- ribs
- vertebral column
- coax
- coccyx
State the four types of bones
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular
Characterize a long bone
Strong, large, curved, wide
Characterize a short bone
Short, spongey, cube shaped
Characterize a flat bone
Thin, flat, broad
Characterize an irregular bone
Any bone that does not fit in any of the other 3 categories
Define epiphysis
Ends of a long bone, where it connects to another bone
Diaphysis
Long, shaft of the bone (strength)
Medullary cavity
Hollow middle of diaphysis, holds bone marrow
Bone marrow
Blood cell production occurs here, also fat storage
Articular cartilage
Outer surface of epiphysis, decreases friction in the joints
Nutrient foramen
Opening to blood vessel passageways
Endosteum
Lining of the inner cavity. Heals any fractures
Periosteum
Outer lining, protects against injury
Inferior
Nearer to the feet. A structure below another
Superior
Nearer to the head, a structure above another
Proximal
Nearer to the trunk, closer to the point of attachment on the body than another structure.
Distal
Farther away from the trunk, farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure
Medial
Nearer to the medial plane, towards the midline of the body
Lateral
Farther from the medial plane, away from the midline of the body
Posterior
Nearer to the back, the back of the body
Anterior
Nearer to the front, the front of the body
Outline the functions of connective tissue
Cartilage- support and cushioning. Found between discs of vertebrae, surrounding ends of joints and in nose and ears
Ligament- connective tissue attaching two or more bones together
Tendon- attaches muscle to bone
Joint
Where two or more bones meet
Fibrous joint
Connections between bones, held by fibrous connective tissue, includes collagen fibers. No movement permitted.
Cartiligous joint
Covered in cartilage, allows some movement between bones.
Synovial joint
Most common. Allows lots of movement. Has a layer of fibrocartilage and lubricating synovial fluid
Articular cartilage
White, smooth tissues found on the ends of bones. Makes it easier for bones to glide over each other and reduces friction
Synovial membrane
Surrounds freely moving joints (shoulder, elbow, knee) secretes synovial fluid to lubricate to make movement easier
Synovial fluid
Found in joints along with the membrane, lubricates, makes movement easier, nourishes the joint. Consistency of an egg.
Bursae
Small, fluid filled sac lined with synovial membrane. Provides cushioning between bones and tendons in the joint. Reduces friction. Filled with synovial fluid
Articulate capsule
Joint capsule enclosing the cavity of a synovial joint
List types of synovial joints
Hinge, ball and socket, condyloid, pivot, gliding, saddle
Hinge joint
Allows flexion and extension. (Elbow, knee)
Ball and socket joint
Allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal and external rotation (shoulder, hip)
Condyloid joint
Allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction (wrist)
Pivot joint
Allows rotation of one bone around another (top of neck)
Gliding joint
Allows gliding movements (inter carpal joints)
Saddle joint
Allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction (CMC joint in thumb)
Characteristics of muscle tissue
Contractibility Extensibility Elasticity Atrophy/hypertrophy Excitability Controlled by nerve stimuli Fed by capillaries
Types of muscle
Smooth, cardiac, skeletal
Describe smooth muscle
Regulates size of organs, force fluids through tubes etc. tapered at each end, not striated. Found in hollow organs such as the stomach and large intestine.
Describe cardiac muscle
Pumps blood under involuntary control. Cylindrical and striated. Found in the heart.
Describe skeletal muscle
40% of animal body weight. Moves the body under voluntary control. Striated cells or fibers. Attached to bone or other connective tissue
Fascia
Type of connective tissue found in muscles. There are three types. Epimysium, Perimysium and Endomysium.
Epimysium
Outer layer that covers the entire muscle
Perimysium
Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers. Long, cylindrical and vary in shape
Endomysium
Layer of fascia that surrounds the individual muscle fibers
Myofibrils
Light and dark bands give muscle the striated appearance. Individual bands are called sacromeres which contain proteins actin and myosin.
Origin of a muscle
Fixed end or head. Most stationary end of a muscle. Most often the proximal attachment.
Insertion of a muscle
Mobile end of a muscle undergoing the greatest amount of movement. Usually more distal.
Cell body
Contained within the spinal column and contains nucleus
Dendrites
Branch off the cell body and allow for communication between other neurons
Nucleus
Centre of the cell body, and contains all info for the cell
Axon
Main component of signal transmission. Carries signal from cell body to the muscle.
Motor end plate
Neuromuscular junction where the neuron joins the muscle fibre
Synapse
Gap between the neuron and muscle fiber in which a neurotransmission travels and stimulates muscle
Myelin sheath
Protein cover which protects and insulates the axon
Explain the role of neurotransmitters in stimulating skeletal muscle contraction
Acetylcholine triggers a chain reaction that eventually results in the exposure of the binding sites of the actin.
Choline stressed removed the acetylcholine once the action potential signal is gone, so the binding sites are no longer exposed and the muscle can no longer contract.
Explain the sliding filament theory
1) electrical signal travels to end of motor end plate, triggering release of acetylcholine into synapse
2) acetylcholine causes a signal called an action potential to be sent along the muscle fibers
3) action potential travels down the T tubules towards the sarcoplasmic reticulum triggering the release of Calcium ions
4) Calcium ions attach to Troponin on the actin moving the tropomyosin and exposing the binding site
5) adenosine triposphate (ATP) on the myosin heads are chemically broken down to adenosine diphosphate producing energy for myosin to attach and pull the actin.
6) myosin heads release from actin, ATP reattaches and the process continues as long as the electrical signal is present
7) during contraction the Z-lines are pulled closer together, making the H-zone smaller until it disappears as the actin overlaps. A-bands remain the same length throughout contraction.
8) once electrical signal is not longer present, acetylcholine is removed by cholinesterase, calcium is returned to sarcoplasmic reticulum and myosin heads return to resting state away from the actin.
Slow twitch muscle fibers (type 1)
- More efficient at using oxygen
- Continuous muscle contractions over an extended period of time
- Can keep going for a long time before they fatigue since they fire slower than other types
- good for endurance athletes
Fast twitch muscle fibers (type 2a)
- uses aerobic and anaerobic metabolism to create energy
- combo of type 1 and type 2
- good for short bursts of activity (explosive burst of power)
- stop and go sports
- maximum output activities (weightlifting, track and field events)
Fast twitch muscle fibers (type 2b)
- most fatiguable
- can generate the most power/force
- contractions last about 7.5 milliseconds
- burst of power in short amount of time
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement towards the midline of the body
Flexion
The bending of a joint or limb
Extension
Bringing a limb into a straight position
Rotation
The process of turning around an axis
Medial rotation
Turning towards the midline of the body
Lateral rotation
Turning away from the midline of the body
Circumduction
Movement of the body part in a circular direction/motion
Elevation
The act of lifting a body part up
Depression
The lowering of a body part
Eversion
The sole of the foot turns away from the midline of the body
Inversion
The sole of the foot turns inwards towards the midline of the body
Plantar flexion
Movement of the foot that flexes foot or toes downwards
Dorsi flexion
Flexion towards the back, bringing top of foot towards leg
Supination
To turn or rotate the arm outward so that the palm is facing up; to turn or rotate the foot by adduction and inversion so the outer edge of the sole bears all of the body’s weight
Pronation
To turn or rotate the arm inward so that the palm is facing downward; to turn or rotate the foot by adduction and Eversion so the inner edge of the sole bears all of the body weight
Isotonic contractions
Same tension or same force
Concentric contractions
Those which cause the muscle to shorten as it contracts. The ends of the muscle are drawn together.
Eccentric contractions
Opposite of concentric. The muscle lengthens as it contracts. Lower oxygen cost than concentric.
Isometric contractions
No change in length of contracting muscle. (Planks)
Isokinetic contractions
Muscle changes length during contraction, however they produce movements at a constant speed. Very rare, used in rehab mostly.
Agonist
Muscle that shortens causing movement in the joint (prime mover)
Antagonist
The muscle that relaxes in response to the agonist. Acting in opposition to the agonist.
Reciprocal inhibition
One muscle is contracting, the muscle with the opposing action relaxes. Controlled by the nervous system.
Analyse movements in relation to joint action and muscle contraction
1) bicep curl- elbow flexion, bicep brachii concentric contraction, tricep brachii eccentric relaxation
2) lunge (downward)- flexion of knee and hip, quadriceps eccentrically contract, hamstrings concentrically relax
3) kicking a ball- LOAD: hip adduction and extension, knee flexion, ankle plantar flexion, hamstring concentric contraction, quads eccentrically relax.
CONTACT: hip adduction, knee extension, ankle plantar flexion, quads concentric contraction, hamstrings eccentric relaxation
FOLLOW THROUGH: hip flexion, knee extension, ankle plantar flexion
What is Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness? (DOMS)
When muscles are sore or stiff 1+ days after exercise. Microscopic tearing of muscle fibers and swelling. Adaptation process our bodies go through when exercise is increased, or just started.
Do types of muscle contractions effect DOMS?
Eccentric muscle contractions cause the most soreness, because they produce more force.
How to deal avoid/deal with DOMS
- warm up/cool down
- gradually increase time and intensity
- gentle stretching
- low impact aerobics to cool down
- sports massage
- yoga/gentle stretching
- anti-inflammatories (aspirin, ibuprofen)
