Nutrition

Question 0

Micronutrients

Answer 0

Essential elements needed from food in small quantities (vitamins, minerals)

Question 1

Macronutrients

Answer 1

Nutrients required in large quantities which make up vast majority of metabolic energy to an organism. (Carbs, proteins, fats, water)

Question 2

Functions of macronutrients

Answer 2

Carbs- supplies energy for physical activity, organ function, breaks down fatty acids, energy storage, cell membrane

Proteins- growth and repair, hormones, enzymes, body breaks down protein into amino acids so the body can make its own proteins, structure, transport, communication, protection, fuel

Lipids- fuel, energy, cell membrane, hormones, precursor of bile acid

Water- temp regulation, transportation of oxygen and nutrients, lubrication of joints, aid in waste elimination, give cells stability and shape, medium for biochemical reaction

Question 3

Chemical composition of a glucose molecule

Answer 3

CH2O

Question 4

How glucose molecules can combine to form disaccharides

Answer 4

Condensation/dehydration reaction (removal of water molecules and the oxygen binds together)

Question 5

Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Answer 5

Saturated- found in animal products and processed foods (meat, dairy, chips, pastries, butter, lard) fully saturated with hydrogen atoms, and does not contain double bonds between carbon atoms. Raise your LDL (bad) cholesterol.

Unsaturated- found in foods such as nuts, avocado, olives. Liquid at room temp. Chemical structure contains double bonds. Heart healthy, able to lower cholesterol (LDL) levels, and raise (good) HDL cholesterol. Two hydrogen atoms are missing form double bonds between two carbon atoms and become unsaturated.

Question 6

Essential VS non-essential amino acids

Answer 6

Essential- essential to our diet as our bodies can not created them through metabolism

Non-essential- acids that can be produced from other amino acids during metabolism.

Question 7

Approximate energy content per 100g of carbs, lipids and proteins

Answer 7

Carbs- 1760 kj
Proteins- 1720 kj
Fats- 4000 kj

Question 8

Metabolism

Answer 8

Can be defined as all chemical processes in living organisms

Question 9

Anabolism

Answer 9

The constructive phase of metabolism where smaller molecules are converted to larger molecules.

Question 10

Catabolism

Answer 10

Destructive phase of metabolism where larger molecules are converted to smaller molecules.
Aerobic catabolism requires oxygen.
Anaerobic does not.

Question 11

Glycogenolysis

Answer 11

When your body needs more glucose than is ingested glycogen is broken down and glucose (liver) and glucose-6-phosphate can serve as metabolic fuel.

Question 12

Lipolysis

Answer 12

Process of releasing triglycerides from the body’s fat stores. Excess fate is stored in adipose tissues and muscle.

Question 13

Role of insulin

Answer 13

• Secreted from the Bcells in the pancreas
• REGULATES BLOOD SUGAR/GLUCOSE LEVELS
• increases transport of glucose into the cells
• stimulates glycolysis
• inhibits gluconeogenesis
• promotes glycogenesis
• inhibits lipolysis and breakdown of proteins
• insulin WANTS you to use glucose, or store it as glycogen, to get blood sugar levels back to normal

Question 14

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 14

Conversion of protein and fat to glucose.

Question 15

Glycolysis

Answer 15

Breakdown of glucose for energy

Question 16

Glycogenesis

Answer 16

Conversion of glucose into stored form- glycogen

Question 17

Glucagon

Answer 17

Hormone that acts the opposite of insulin.

• stimulates glycogenolysis and synthesis of glucose to increase blood glucose levels for energy (when blood sugar is low)
• activates lipolysis which contributes to energy supply.

Question 18

Glycogen

Answer 18

Storage form of glucose

Question 19

Major sites of triglyceride storage

Answer 19

Fat cells and some muscle cells

Question 20

Ribosome

Answer 20

Protein builders- build long chains of amino acids

Question 21

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 21

Work with the ribosomes to assemble proteins

Question 22

Lysosomes

Answer 22

Hold enzymes created by the cell, and digest thing

Question 23

Golgi apparatus

Answer 23

Builds complex molecules into vesicles and builds lysosomes

Question 24

Mitochodrion

Answer 24

Energy source in the cell

Question 25

Cristae

Answer 25

Increase the surface area of the mitochondria for chemical reactions to have enough room to occur.

Question 26

Inner membrane

Answer 26

Forms the cristae

Question 27

Inner matrix

Answer 27

Start the oxidation of molecules such as pyruvate.

Question 28

Outer smooth membrane

Answer 28

Permeable to nutrient molecules, ions, ATP and ADP molecules

Question 29

Cell respiration

Answer 29

Controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells.

Question 30

Energy release from ATP

Answer 30

Bond between Adenosine and one of the phosphate groups is broken using enzyme ATPase and water. Freed energy used to fuel metabolic processes in body.

Question 31

Phosphorylation

Answer 31

Synthesizes ATP by adding a phosphate group to the compound adenosine diphosphate.

Recreated using one of three different energy systems:

1) the alactic anaerobic (ATP/PC) system
2) the lactic acid system
3) the aerobic system

Question 32

Role of ATP in muscle contraction

Answer 32

Storage molecule for energy in body. As body breaks glucose down, it produces ATP to store the energy released. ATP then provides the muscle with that stored energy during contraction