Cardiovascular System

Question 0

Functions of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Answer 0

Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin which transports oxygen around the body

Leukocytes protect the body from disease causing microorganisms/protect the body from getting sick

Primary function of platelets is to stop and prevent bleeding.

Question 1

Composition of blood

Answer 1

55% plasma

40% formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)

Question 2

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 2

Part of the autonomic nervous system which functions to return body systems to rest. Acts on pacemaker to slow down heart rate during recovery.

Question 3

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 3

Part of the autonomic nervous system which prepares the body for action. Sends signal from cardiac centre to pacemaker in response to increased demand of oxygen.

Question 4

Medulla oblongota

Answer 4

Control centre for regulation of the heart rate

Question 5

Noradrenalin

Answer 5

During exercise sympathetic nerves release noradrenalin into SA Node increasing heart rate.

Question 6

Vagus nerve

Answer 6

During recovery, parasympathetic system sends impulses down the vagus nerve slowing down heart rate

Question 7

Adrenaline

Answer 7

Prepares the body for action. Reduces blood flow to organs not important to physical activity, and increases blood flow to skeletal/cardiac muscles and lungs.

Question 8

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 8

When deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs where it receives oxygen and is then pumped back to the heart.

Question 9

Systemic circulation

Answer 9

Oxygenated blood pumped from the heart to vital organs, muscles and tissues via arteries.

Question 10

Cardiac output

Answer 10

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate/1000

Question 11

Stroke volume

Answer 11

Volume of blood ejected into pulmonary and aortic arteries in one heart beat

Question 12

Heart rate

Answer 12

One cardiac cycle

Question 13

Difference in heart rates among different populations

Answer 13

Males have larger hearts than females- larger stroke volume

As you age, heart gets smaller- weaker

Children have smaller, underdeveloped hearts- low stroke volume, higher heart rate to achieve same cardiac output as adults

Trained athletes have larger, stronger hearts than untrained people- higher stroke volume

Question 14

Cardiovascular drift

Answer 14

Heart rate increases during exercise even when the workload has not changed. Causes heart rate to increase, but stroke volume decreases, maintaining consistent cardiac output.
Caused by:
-increased core body temperature
-humidity/ heat
-decrease in plasma blood volume due to water loss

Question 15

Systolic blood pressure

Answer 15

Force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction

Question 16

Diastolic blood pressure

Answer 16

Force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation

Question 17

Normal blood pressure at rest

Answer 17

120 (systolic)/80 (diastolic)

Question 18

Blood pressure during dynamic and static exercise

Answer 18

Dynamic exercise keeps diastolic blood pressure low and raises systolic a bit.

Static exercises raises both diastolic and systolic significantly

Question 19

Valsalva Maneuver

Answer 19

Person tries to exhale when mouth and nose are closed. This causes intrathoracic pressure as blood pressure increases from body’s effort to overcome high internal pressures.

Question 20

Distribution of blood

Answer 20

Depends on needs of specific tissues. At rest, kidney and liver receive half of cardiac output.

Skeletal muscle receives 15-20% of cardiac output.
During exercise, skeletal muscle blood distribution increases to approx 80%

Question 21

Cardiovascular adaptations from endurance exercise

Answer 21

Ventricle hypertrophy- left ventricle gets bigger, allows stroke volume to increase and heart rate to decrease

Capillarization- formation of capillaries over the muscles to increase amount of blood/oxygen/nutrients that get to the muscles

A-vo2 diff- difference of oxygen content in the arterial and venous blood

Question 22

Maximal oxygen consumption

Answer 22

VO2 max represents functional capacity of the oxygen transport system and is sometimes referred to as maximal aerobic power or aerobic capacity. Maximal amount of oxygen a person can consume per minute when working to exhaustion.

Question 23

Variability of maximal oxygen consumption with different modes of exercise (cycling versus running versus arm ergometry)

Answer 23

High cardio causes higher heart rate, heavier breathing and more oxygen in body. Arm ergometry and other static/low cardio exercises will not increase heart rate as much- less oxygen.