Skill Aquisition Flashcards
Skill
A learned ability to bring about pre determined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both
What are the 8 characteristics of a skill
L earned
A estetically pleasing
C onsistant
E fficient
F luent
A ccurate
C ontrolled
E conomical
What is a closed skill
A skill performed in a predictable environment e.g. doing something alone or a netball shoooting
What is a n open skill
A skill performed in an unpredictable environment, where the performer has to react and adjust to the changing nature of the situation
What is a self paced a skill
The performer controlled the rate at which the skill is executed
What is an externally paced skill
The environment (including othe players) controls the rate the performer does the skill
What is a discrete skill
A skill that contains a single unit of activity e.g. throwing, somersault
What is a continuous skill
Continuous motor skills that bring together discrete skills in a repetitive movement
No obvious beginning or end
What is a serial skilll
Discrete skills linked together in a movement sequence or movement pattern . A series of skills one after another. The order of the skill sis I important
What a is a low organisation skill
Can be split into sub-routines easily and each subroutine can be practiced separately
What is a high organisation skill
Are seen as whole actions, which means they have to be practiced in their entirety
What is a complex skill
- ;large amounts of information to be processed
- high number of decisions to be made quickly
- high number of subroutines that are co ordinated
- performed quickly and accurately
Wheat are the 4 types of transfer of learning
Positive - when learning one skill helps another
Negative - when the he learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
Zero - the learning of one skill has no impact on the other
Bilateral - what the learning of one skill is transferred aacrros the body e.g. left and right hand s
What is the basic information processing model
Input - decision making - output - feedback (back to input)
What is definition of learning
A permanent have in behaviour as a result of practice
What is a the definition of performance
A temprotatyoccurance that can change from the to time because of many internal and external influences
What are the three stages of learning
- Cognitive stage
- Associative stage
- Autonomous stage
What are the feature of the cognitive stage of learning
- learn what is needed to perform the skill
- frequent error occours
- attention to decisions and step by step procedures
- have high attentional demand
- tend to perform the skill slowly
What are the best ways to learn while in the cognitive stage
- have the skill demonstrated - ensures a visual aid and mental picture
- allow time for practice and re-demonstrating skill
- don’t overload the learner with information and use short cue words
Features of the associative stage of learning
- refine the accuracy and consistency of the motor skill
- there I a reduced number of errors
- performer gradually gets more successful & fluent
- learner nbegins to make us of intrinsic or kinaesthetic feedback
- begin to pa attention to concurrent feedback (during performance)
Gross skill
One which uses large muscle groups Audi as the shoulder muscles used top initiate a rugby tackle
Fine skill
Uses more intricate muscle groups, such as the control needed to return a shot in table tennis
Impact of transfer of learning can be positive on skill development if
he
What your methods of presentation
- whole
- whole part whole
- progressive part
Types of practice
1-Massed
2- Distributed
3- variable
4- mental
Advantages and Disadvantages of whole part whole practice
+ the different sections are integrated into the whole skill so in good
+ improves performance and correcting errors
+ fluency and integration of subroutines can be maintained
+ good for the feel of the whole skill and the transition between parts
- may produce negative transfer effects, unless the coach integrates back into the whole part during one training session
- ## time consuming
Advantages and disadvantages of progressive part practice
+ learner is allowed to focus on one part of a skill so can correct specific weaknesses
+ learner can rest so fatigue is reduced
+
- time consuming
- neglect the feel of the whole movement, reduce kinaesthesis
- may ignore links between subroutines
- could cause negative transfer between the parts in the sequence so coach must make sure the performer in learned the part well before moving on
Advantages and disadvantages of whole practice
+ fluency - can feel the skill
+ develops kinaesthesis or understanding
+ Keeps links between subroutines
- too much info
- not for beginners
- can be beyond capabilities of the performer
When to use whole teaching
When the skill is: Fast Closed Discrete Self paced Simple High organised
E.g. tennis serve
When is whole-part-whole practice good to be used
When the skill is:
Complex
Fast/ballistic
Difficult to isolate parts of the skill the performer has a specific weakness
When should progressive parts practice be used
When the skill is: Complex Serial Externally paced Low organised
What are the advantages and disadvantages of massed practice
\+ forms motor programmes \+ increases fitness \+ enhances over learning \+ good for habitual responses \+ efficient
- no time for feedback
- fatigue
- too demanding
What skills is massed practice good for
When a skill is: Discrete Simple Closed Highly organised Self-paced
What are the advantages and disadvantages of distributed practice
+ allows recovery
+ led mental pressure
+ allows mental rehersal/feedback
+ reduces danger
- time consuming
- possibility for negative transfer
- fatigue
- Too demanding
What type of skill is distributed practice good for
When the skill is: Continuous Complex Low organised, can break it down Serial Externally paced
What are the advantages and disadvantages of varied practice
+ builds a schema
+ gives motivation
+ allows adaptation
- time consuming
- possibility of a negative transfer
- fatigue
- too demanding
What type of skill is varied practice good for
When the skill is:
Complex, easy part first then add
Open
Externally paced
What are the advantages and disadvantages of mental practice
+ improves reaction time
+ builds motor programmes
+ builds confidence
+ controls anxiety
- must be correct
- environment must be calm
What type of skill in mental rehersal good for
When a skill is:
Serial
Complex
Used by both novice and expert
Features of the cognitive stage of learning
No motor programmes, in co ordinated movement
Features of the associative stage of learning
Motor programmes forming, smoother movement
Features of the autonomous stage of learning
Motor programme formed, automatic control, detail
What is the order of the 3 stages of learning
- Cognitive
- Associative
- Autonomous
What are the causes of plateau
Motivation Boredom Coach Limit of ability Targets too low Fatigue
Many Bees Can Look Towards Flowers
Operant conditioning
- Skinner and the Skinner box
- idea that actions that are rewarded are more likely to be repeated
- reinforcement is used
- operant conditioning is based on trial and error, shapes behaviour and manipulates environment
- success acts as a satisfier
Positive reinforcement
When a pleasant stimulus is given to encourage correct response
Negative reinforcement
Withdrawal of unpleasant stimulus to encourage correct response
Punishment
Gives unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions from happening again
What a re the three important features of operant conditioning
- manipulates environment
- based on trial and error
- shapes behaviour
Observational learning
- bandura
- suggests that both acceptable and unacceptable behaviour can be learned by watching an then copying other people
Contains 4 stages
- attention
- retention
- motor reproduction
- motivation
What’s are the 4 stages of observational learning
- Attention - grab attention by making presentation interesting and explain why it is important
- Retention - ability to remember information and recall it from the memory systems
- Motor reproduction - make sure the performer is physically able to copy the demonstration
- Motivation - drive needed to copy the demonstration
Social development theory
Vygotsky
Interaction with others plays a vital role in learning
Learning takes place in inter-psychological learning and intra-psychological learning
Intra psychological learning
Learning from within after gaining extra knowledge from others
Analyse and think about consecutive feedback from the MKO (more knowledgable other)
Inter-psychological; learning
Learning fork others externally (more knowledgable other MKO)
Social development
Learning through association with others
Constructivism
Building up learning in stages, based on current level of performance
- What can i do alone?
- What can i do with help?
- What can i not do yet?
Zone of proximal development
The next stage of learning based on the performers needs, expectation as and current level of performance
- What can i do alone?
- What can i do with help?
- What can i not do yet?
Insight learning
Gestalts (group of German psychologists)
Performer uses existing knowledge to forms ns idea on hoe to deal with problematic sporting situations because they might have a general idea which they can put into practice
- poses questions to the performer but is not trial and error
- develops cognitive process
- generates understanding
Uses three stages
1. Cognitive
2. Associative
3. Autonomous
What are the 4 theories of learning and the psychologists that made them
Operant conditioning - Skinner
Observational learning (constructivism) - Bandura
Social development theory - Vygotsky
Insight learning - Gestalts
What are the three parts of information processing
Input -> Decision making -> Output
What senses make up the receptor systems and are they internal or external?
External
- sights (vision)
- Auditory
Internal
- Touch
- balance
- Kinaesthesis
The first sense used is sight
The second sense used is auditory
How does a performer focus on the relevant information
Selective attention - it is a filtering process that identifies the information needed by the performer and disregards the less important parts
How can selective attention be developed
- learning to focus on relevant information and getting used to the idea of a stimulus
- stimulus can be made more loud, bright or intense
- training with a realistic environment e.g. with a crowd
- improved motivation e.g. prizes as incentives
- mental practice
Benefits of selective attention
- can improve reaction time significantly
- ## improves the chances of making the correct decision - as the working memory has a limited capacity
Stimuli
The important and relevant items of information from the display such as the flight of the ball
Perception
The process of coding and interpreting sensory information
Translators mechanisms
Adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that decisions can be made
Effector mechanisms
The network of nerves that sends coded impulses to the muscles
What are the three aspects of the perceptual stage of information processing
DCR - detection comparison and recognition
Detection - the performer has picked up the relevant information and identified the info as important
Comparison- trying to match info to info already in the memory
Recognition - the performer has used information from the memory to identify and appropriate response
