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Y12 - PE - Miss Rex > Skill Aquisition > Flashcards

Skill Aquisition Flashcards

1
Q

Skill

A

A learned ability to bring about pre determined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both

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2
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of a skill

A

L earned
A estetically pleasing
C onsistant
E fficient

F luent
A ccurate
C ontrolled
E conomical

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3
Q

What is a closed skill

A

A skill performed in a predictable environment e.g. doing something alone or a netball shoooting

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4
Q

What is a n open skill

A

A skill performed in an unpredictable environment, where the performer has to react and adjust to the changing nature of the situation

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5
Q

What is a self paced a skill

A

The performer controlled the rate at which the skill is executed

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6
Q

What is an externally paced skill

A

The environment (including othe players) controls the rate the performer does the skill

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7
Q

What is a discrete skill

A

A skill that contains a single unit of activity e.g. throwing, somersault

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8
Q

What is a continuous skill

A

Continuous motor skills that bring together discrete skills in a repetitive movement
No obvious beginning or end

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9
Q

What is a serial skilll

A

Discrete skills linked together in a movement sequence or movement pattern . A series of skills one after another. The order of the skill sis I important

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10
Q

What a is a low organisation skill

A

Can be split into sub-routines easily and each subroutine can be practiced separately

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11
Q

What is a high organisation skill

A

Are seen as whole actions, which means they have to be practiced in their entirety

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12
Q

What is a complex skill

A
  • ;large amounts of information to be processed
  • high number of decisions to be made quickly
  • high number of subroutines that are co ordinated
  • performed quickly and accurately
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13
Q

Wheat are the 4 types of transfer of learning

A

Positive - when learning one skill helps another
Negative - when the he learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
Zero - the learning of one skill has no impact on the other
Bilateral - what the learning of one skill is transferred aacrros the body e.g. left and right hand s

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14
Q

What is the basic information processing model

A

Input - decision making - output - feedback (back to input)

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15
Q

What is definition of learning

A

A permanent have in behaviour as a result of practice

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16
Q

What is a the definition of performance

A

A temprotatyoccurance that can change from the to time because of many internal and external influences

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17
Q

What are the three stages of learning

A
  1. Cognitive stage
  2. Associative stage
  3. Autonomous stage
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18
Q

What are the feature of the cognitive stage of learning

A
  • learn what is needed to perform the skill
  • frequent error occours
  • attention to decisions and step by step procedures
  • have high attentional demand
  • tend to perform the skill slowly
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19
Q

What are the best ways to learn while in the cognitive stage

A
  • have the skill demonstrated - ensures a visual aid and mental picture
  • allow time for practice and re-demonstrating skill
  • don’t overload the learner with information and use short cue words
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20
Q

Features of the associative stage of learning

A
  • refine the accuracy and consistency of the motor skill
  • there I a reduced number of errors
  • performer gradually gets more successful & fluent
  • learner nbegins to make us of intrinsic or kinaesthetic feedback
  • begin to pa attention to concurrent feedback (during performance)
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21
Q

Gross skill

A

One which uses large muscle groups Audi as the shoulder muscles used top initiate a rugby tackle

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22
Q

Fine skill

A

Uses more intricate muscle groups, such as the control needed to return a shot in table tennis

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23
Q

Impact of transfer of learning can be positive on skill development if

A

he

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24
Q

What your methods of presentation

A
  • whole
  • whole part whole
  • progressive part
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25
Q

Types of practice

A

1-Massed
2- Distributed
3- variable
4- mental

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26
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of whole part whole practice

A

+ the different sections are integrated into the whole skill so in good
+ improves performance and correcting errors
+ fluency and integration of subroutines can be maintained
+ good for the feel of the whole skill and the transition between parts

  • may produce negative transfer effects, unless the coach integrates back into the whole part during one training session
  • ## time consuming
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27
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of progressive part practice

A

+ learner is allowed to focus on one part of a skill so can correct specific weaknesses
+ learner can rest so fatigue is reduced
+

  • time consuming
  • neglect the feel of the whole movement, reduce kinaesthesis
  • may ignore links between subroutines
  • could cause negative transfer between the parts in the sequence so coach must make sure the performer in learned the part well before moving on
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28
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of whole practice

A

+ fluency - can feel the skill
+ develops kinaesthesis or understanding
+ Keeps links between subroutines

  • too much info
  • not for beginners
  • can be beyond capabilities of the performer
29
Q

When to use whole teaching

A 
When the skill is:
Fast
Closed
Discrete
Self paced 
Simple 
High organised

E.g. tennis serve

30
Q

When is whole-part-whole practice good to be used

A

When the skill is:
Complex
Fast/ballistic
Difficult to isolate parts of the skill the performer has a specific weakness

31
Q

When should progressive parts practice be used

A 
When the skill is:
Complex 
Serial
Externally paced 
Low organised
32
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of massed practice

A 
\+ forms motor programmes 
\+ increases fitness
\+ enhances over learning 
\+ good for habitual responses 
\+ efficient
  • no time for feedback
  • fatigue
  • too demanding
33
Q

What skills is massed practice good for

A 
When a skill is:
Discrete
Simple
Closed
Highly organised
Self-paced
34
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of distributed practice

A

+ allows recovery
+ led mental pressure
+ allows mental rehersal/feedback
+ reduces danger

  • time consuming
  • possibility for negative transfer
  • fatigue
  • Too demanding
35
Q

What type of skill is distributed practice good for

A 
When the skill is:
Continuous 
Complex
Low organised, can break it down
Serial 
Externally paced
36
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of varied practice

A

+ builds a schema
+ gives motivation
+ allows adaptation

  • time consuming
  • possibility of a negative transfer
  • fatigue
  • too demanding
37
Q

What type of skill is varied practice good for

A

When the skill is:
Complex, easy part first then add
Open
Externally paced

38
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of mental practice

A

+ improves reaction time
+ builds motor programmes
+ builds confidence
+ controls anxiety

  • must be correct
  • environment must be calm
39
Q

What type of skill in mental rehersal good for

A

When a skill is:
Serial
Complex
Used by both novice and expert

40
Q

Features of the cognitive stage of learning

A

No motor programmes, in co ordinated movement

41
Q

Features of the associative stage of learning

A

Motor programmes forming, smoother movement

42
Q

Features of the autonomous stage of learning

A

Motor programme formed, automatic control, detail

43
Q

What is the order of the 3 stages of learning

A
  1. Cognitive
  2. Associative
  3. Autonomous
44
Q

What are the causes of plateau

A 
Motivation 
Boredom 
Coach 
Limit of ability 
Targets too low 
Fatigue

Many Bees Can Look Towards Flowers

45
Q

Operant conditioning

A
  • Skinner and the Skinner box
  • idea that actions that are rewarded are more likely to be repeated
  • reinforcement is used
  • operant conditioning is based on trial and error, shapes behaviour and manipulates environment
  • success acts as a satisfier
46
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

When a pleasant stimulus is given to encourage correct response

47
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Withdrawal of unpleasant stimulus to encourage correct response

48
Q

Punishment

A

Gives unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions from happening again

49
Q

What a re the three important features of operant conditioning

A
  • manipulates environment
  • based on trial and error
  • shapes behaviour
50
Q

Observational learning

A
  • bandura
  • suggests that both acceptable and unacceptable behaviour can be learned by watching an then copying other people

Contains 4 stages

  • attention
  • retention
  • motor reproduction
  • motivation
51
Q

What’s are the 4 stages of observational learning

A
  1. Attention - grab attention by making presentation interesting and explain why it is important
  2. Retention - ability to remember information and recall it from the memory systems
  3. Motor reproduction - make sure the performer is physically able to copy the demonstration
  4. Motivation - drive needed to copy the demonstration
52
Q

Social development theory

A

Vygotsky
Interaction with others plays a vital role in learning
Learning takes place in inter-psychological learning and intra-psychological learning

53
Q

Intra psychological learning

A

Learning from within after gaining extra knowledge from others

Analyse and think about consecutive feedback from the MKO (more knowledgable other)

54
Q

Inter-psychological; learning

A

Learning fork others externally (more knowledgable other MKO)

55
Q

Social development

A

Learning through association with others

56
Q

Constructivism

A

Building up learning in stages, based on current level of performance

  1. What can i do alone?
  2. What can i do with help?
  3. What can i not do yet?
57
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

The next stage of learning based on the performers needs, expectation as and current level of performance

  1. What can i do alone?
  2. What can i do with help?
  3. What can i not do yet?
58
Q

Insight learning

A

Gestalts (group of German psychologists)
Performer uses existing knowledge to forms ns idea on hoe to deal with problematic sporting situations because they might have a general idea which they can put into practice

  • poses questions to the performer but is not trial and error
  • develops cognitive process
  • generates understanding
    Uses three stages
    1. Cognitive
    2. Associative
    3. Autonomous
59
Q

What are the 4 theories of learning and the psychologists that made them

A

Operant conditioning - Skinner
Observational learning (constructivism) - Bandura
Social development theory - Vygotsky
Insight learning - Gestalts

60
Q

What are the three parts of information processing

A

Input -> Decision making -> Output

61
Q

What senses make up the receptor systems and are they internal or external?

A

External

  • sights (vision)
  • Auditory

Internal

  • Touch
  • balance
  • Kinaesthesis

The first sense used is sight
The second sense used is auditory

62
Q

How does a performer focus on the relevant information

A

Selective attention - it is a filtering process that identifies the information needed by the performer and disregards the less important parts

63
Q

How can selective attention be developed

A
  • learning to focus on relevant information and getting used to the idea of a stimulus
  • stimulus can be made more loud, bright or intense
  • training with a realistic environment e.g. with a crowd
  • improved motivation e.g. prizes as incentives
  • mental practice
64
Q

Benefits of selective attention

A
  • can improve reaction time significantly
  • ## improves the chances of making the correct decision - as the working memory has a limited capacity
65
Q

Stimuli

A

The important and relevant items of information from the display such as the flight of the ball

66
Q

Perception

A

The process of coding and interpreting sensory information

67
Q

Translators mechanisms

A

Adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that decisions can be made

68
Q

Effector mechanisms

A

The network of nerves that sends coded impulses to the muscles

69
Q

What are the three aspects of the perceptual stage of information processing

A

DCR - detection comparison and recognition
Detection - the performer has picked up the relevant information and identified the info as important
Comparison- trying to match info to info already in the memory
Recognition - the performer has used information from the memory to identify and appropriate response

Y12 - PE - Miss Rex (6 decks)

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