Skill Aquisition Flashcards
What is an open skill?
A skill performed in an unpredictable environment
Adaptable
Football tackle
What is a closed skill?
A skill preformed in a predictable environment
Repeatable
Free throw
What is a discrete skill?
A skill with a clear beginning and ending
Know when finished
Free throw
What is a continuous skill?
A skill with no obvious start and finish
Performer chooses length
Dribbling
What is a serial skill?
A skill with several distinct elements
Joined to make 1 skill
Triple jump
What is a fine skill?
A skill involving small body movements
Specific body parts
Table tennis serve
Archery
What is a gross skill?
A skill that uses large muscle groups and movements
Body feint football
Butterfly stroke
What is a self paced skill?
You control when the skill starts
Free throw
Tennis serve
What is an externally paced skill?
A skill where the start is determined by the environment
Reaction
Header
Change over athletics
What is a simple skill?
Little concentration required
Straight forward
10,000m
Walking
What is a complex skill?
Requires lots of concentration
Large attention span
Dangerous
Somersault
What is a high organisation skill?
Can’t be broken down
Practiced as a whole action
Golf swing
Bicycle kick
What is a low organisation skill?
Can be broken down
Practice specific parts
Lay up
What is transfer of learning?
The effect learning and performing one skill has on learning a new skill
What are the 4 types of transfer?
Positive
Negative
Zero
Bilateral
What is a positive transfer?
Helps learning of a new skill
Chest pass netball ➡️ chest pass bball
What is a negative transfer?
When learning of one skill hinders learning of another skill
Badminton forehand ➡️ tennis forehand
Netball shot ➡️ bball shot
What is a zero transfer?
When learning of one skill has no impact on learning of another
Skiing ➡️ boules
Football shot ➡️ somersault
What is a bilateral transfer?
When learning of a skill is passed across the body
Right hand dribble ➡️ left hand dribble
What is visual guidance? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
Guidance that can be seen
Creates mental picture with observation
Demo must be accurate
Advantages - shows what skill looks like, highlights specific weakness
Disadvantages - demo must be accurate, can lead to overload of information
What is verbal guidance? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
An explanation
Info must be clear and accurate
Language/terminology relevant to group
Immediately after performance
Advantages - can be given after performance, translate info easily
Disadvantages - overload of info, novice may not understand terminology, some movements hard to explain
What is manual guidance? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
Physical support from coach
Placed in right position
Supported
Advantages - good for novice, builds confidence, eliminates danger
Disadvantages - lack of intrinsic feedback, performer can become reliant on help
What is mechanical guidance? What are the advantages and disadvantages?
Use of an artificial aid
Swimming float, trampoline harness
Advantages - builds confidence- allows success, eliminates danger, develops kinaesthetic awareness
Disadvantages - performer can become over reliant, loss of motivation if can do it without aid
What are the three methods of presenting practice?
Whole practice method
Progressive part
Whole part whole
What is the whole practice method?
Skill practiced in its entirety
No attempt to break it down
Simple, closed, self paced, discrete - swimming dive GK save
Advantages - kinaesthetic awareness, develop own schema (set of instructions)
Disadvantages - difficult for novice, not for dangerous skills
What is the progressive part practice method?
Attempting skill in phases
Link each phase after learning
Complex, externally paced, low organisation (triple jump, javelin)
Advantages - keeps links between parts, novice success, reduces fatigue
Disadvantages - time consuming, negative transfer, must learn whole skill right
What is the whole part whole practice method?
Complete skill as a whole, practice weakness then add it back in
Complex, quick skills, experienced performer
Advantages - shows weakness, corrects weakness
Disadvantages - time consuming, some can be broken down
What is massed practice?
Performer works continuously and gets little breaks
Advantages - less time, good for elite practice, muscle memory
Disadvantages - must be very motivated, high fitness
What is distributed practice?
Performer allowed breaks between performances
Advantages - breaks allow recovery, can give feedback and guidance
Disadvantages - time consuming, disrupts rhythm
What is varied practice?
Changing the drill and type of practice so players can adapt skill to changing environment
Advantages - maintains motivation, changing environment
Disadvantages - time consuming, negative transfer, fatigue
What is mental practice?
Going over skill in your mind without movement Must be combined with physical practice Improves confidence Lowers anxiety External - picture yourself doing it Internal - thinking about how it feels
What is learning?
A permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of practice
What is performance?
A temporary occurrence influenced by environment
What are the 3 stages of learning?
Cognitive stage (beginner) Associative stage (intermediate) Autonomous stage (elite)
What is the cognitive stage of learning?
Thinking and working out Copying instructions and demos Movements slow and uncoordinated Trial and error Develop schema
What is the associative stage of learning?
Longer duration Become accomplished performer Required repeated practice Start to compare technique to professionals Smoother and more techniques
What is the autonomous stage of learning?
Reached after effective practice
Practice must continue to stay in this stage
Actions are fluent
Motor programme and schema fully developed
Performer classed as expert at skill
