Information processing Flashcards
What is information processing?
Methods by which data from the environment is collected and used
What is input?
Information a performer gets from the sporting environment
Collected by senses
Senses are known as receptor systems
What is proprioception?
Our position in space around us
Balance
Touch
What is kinesthesia?
Knowing what you’ve done from how the movement felt
What is selective attention?
Filtering relevant info from irrelevant info
What is perception?
Process of coding and interpreting info
DCR process - detection, comparison, recognition
Recognising, comparing and deciding what to do next
What are the 4 parts of the information processing model?
Input - senses and display
Decision making - selective attention and comparison to past experiences
Output - muscle movement
Feedback
What are the components of Whiting’s information processing model?
Input from display Receptor systems Perceptual mechanisms Translatory mechanisms Effector mechanisms muscular systems Output data Feedback
What are the perceptual mechanisms?
Part of the brain that perceives info from senses and gives the meaning
SA happens
What are translatory mechanisms?
Makes decision on relevant and irrelevant data
SA
What are effector mechanisms?
Part of brain that makes decision and sends impulse on what to do to muscles to carry out response
What will help a performer with their perceptual mechanisms?
Vividness of stimulus
Alertness of performer
Expectation of stimulus
Concise instructions
What are the 4 components of the working memory model?
central executive - control centre of model
Phonological loop - deals with auditory info and phonological store creates memory trace
Visuospatial sketchpad - stirs visual and spatial info, visual cache = form and colour, inner scribe = spatial and movement
Episodic buffer - co-ordinates sight, hearing and movement info into sequences for LTM which initiates motor programmes
Why is the long term memory a 2 way process?
Compares info from display to LTM to help make a decision
What is a memory trace?
Made in phonological store
Mental snapshot of situation to compare to previous info in LTM to decide what to do
What is the capacity and duration of working memory?
7 items
30 seconds
How can you make a memory stronger?
Rewards - reward intrinsic or extrinsic for good work
Association - link with emotion eg pride or satisfaction
Mental practice - go over in head
Chunking - break skill down into parts
Concentration - focussing in task using SA
Repetition - practice
Chaining - making info in a sequence
What is schema theory?
Refers to using memory to update and adapt motor programmes
You can then use stored motor programmes to improve the development of a new skill
Eg javelin throw could be adapted to GK throw
What are the 2 schema titles?
Recall
Recognition
What are the 2 types of recall schema?
Initial conditions - environment constantly changing so focus on position, technique, conditions and recall past experience
Response specification - info from environment and recall past success then select appropriate motor programmes
What are the 2 types of recognition schema?
Sensory consequence - guides movement by touch or power
If unsuccessful will influence schemas
Response outcome - processes results
Updates motor programmes
Adjusts for next time
How can schemas be used?
Used in coaching - varied practice to introduce new environments and situations
Used in feedback - looking at motor programmes
What is reaction time?
Measures time taken from presentation of a stimulus to start of the movement. No movement actually occurs as stimulus is being processed
What is movement time?
Time the muscular systems take to complete the task. How long you physically move for
What is response time?
Total collection of time of a movement from start to finish. Reaction time + movement time
What are the 2 types of reaction time?
Simple reaction time
Choice reaction time
What is simple reaction time?
One specific response to a specific stimulus Reaction time fast Only one option 100m sprint Swimming dive
What is choice reaction time?
Choosing from multiple stimuli
Creates a choice
Decision making and response time is longer
Avoiding a slide tackle
What 4 things can impact reaction time?
Hick’s law - reaction time increases as number of choices increases, can be used to keep opponent guessing
Psychological refractory period - when stimulus changes eg deflection so must disregard original response
Anticipation - trying to predict stimulus spatial (where) and temporal (when)
Single Channel hypothesis
How can you improve response time?
Mental practice Practice specific response- go to move Concentration Fitness Anticipation
