Information processing

Question 1

What is information processing?

Answer 1

Methods by which data from the environment is collected and used

Question 2

What is input?

Answer 2

Information a performer gets from the sporting environment
Collected by senses
Senses are known as receptor systems

Question 3

What is proprioception?

Answer 3

Our position in space around us
Balance
Touch

Question 4

What is kinesthesia?

Answer 4

Knowing what you’ve done from how the movement felt

Question 5

What is selective attention?

Answer 5

Filtering relevant info from irrelevant info

Question 6

What is perception?

Answer 6

Process of coding and interpreting info
DCR process - detection, comparison, recognition

Recognising, comparing and deciding what to do next

Question 7

What are the 4 parts of the information processing model?

Answer 7

Input - senses and display
Decision making - selective attention and comparison to past experiences
Output - muscle movement
Feedback

Question 8

What are the components of Whiting’s information processing model?

Answer 8

Input from display
Receptor systems
Perceptual mechanisms
Translatory mechanisms
Effector mechanisms
muscular systems
Output data
Feedback

Question 9

What are the perceptual mechanisms?

Answer 9

Part of the brain that perceives info from senses and gives the meaning
SA happens

Question 10

What are translatory mechanisms?

Answer 10

Makes decision on relevant and irrelevant data

SA

Question 11

What are effector mechanisms?

Answer 11

Part of brain that makes decision and sends impulse on what to do to muscles to carry out response

Question 12

What will help a performer with their perceptual mechanisms?

Answer 12

Vividness of stimulus
Alertness of performer
Expectation of stimulus
Concise instructions

Question 13

What are the 4 components of the working memory model?

Answer 13

central executive - control centre of model
Phonological loop - deals with auditory info and phonological store creates memory trace
Visuospatial sketchpad - stirs visual and spatial info, visual cache = form and colour, inner scribe = spatial and movement
Episodic buffer - co-ordinates sight, hearing and movement info into sequences for LTM which initiates motor programmes

Question 14

Why is the long term memory a 2 way process?

Answer 14

Compares info from display to LTM to help make a decision

Question 15

What is a memory trace?

Answer 15

Made in phonological store

Mental snapshot of situation to compare to previous info in LTM to decide what to do

Question 16

What is the capacity and duration of working memory?

Answer 16

7 items

30 seconds

Question 17

How can you make a memory stronger?

Answer 17

Rewards - reward intrinsic or extrinsic for good work
Association - link with emotion eg pride or satisfaction
Mental practice - go over in head
Chunking - break skill down into parts
Concentration - focussing in task using SA
Repetition - practice
Chaining - making info in a sequence

Question 18

What is schema theory?

Answer 18

Refers to using memory to update and adapt motor programmes
You can then use stored motor programmes to improve the development of a new skill

Eg javelin throw could be adapted to GK throw

Question 19

What are the 2 schema titles?

Answer 19

Recall

Recognition

Question 20

What are the 2 types of recall schema?

Answer 20

Initial conditions - environment constantly changing so focus on position, technique, conditions and recall past experience

Response specification - info from environment and recall past success then select appropriate motor programmes

Question 21

What are the 2 types of recognition schema?

Answer 21

Sensory consequence - guides movement by touch or power
If unsuccessful will influence schemas

Response outcome - processes results
Updates motor programmes
Adjusts for next time

Question 22

How can schemas be used?

Answer 22

Used in coaching - varied practice to introduce new environments and situations

Used in feedback - looking at motor programmes

Question 23

What is reaction time?

Answer 23

Measures time taken from presentation of a stimulus to start of the movement. No movement actually occurs as stimulus is being processed

Question 24

What is movement time?

Answer 24

Time the muscular systems take to complete the task. How long you physically move for

Question 25

What is response time?

Answer 25

Total collection of time of a movement from start to finish. Reaction time + movement time

Question 26

What are the 2 types of reaction time?

Answer 26

Simple reaction time

Choice reaction time

Question 27

What is simple reaction time?

Answer 27

One specific response to a specific stimulus
Reaction time fast
Only one option
100m sprint
Swimming dive

Question 28

What is choice reaction time?

Answer 28

Choosing from multiple stimuli
Creates a choice
Decision making and response time is longer
Avoiding a slide tackle

Question 29

What 4 things can impact reaction time?

Answer 29

Hick’s law - reaction time increases as number of choices increases, can be used to keep opponent guessing
Psychological refractory period - when stimulus changes eg deflection so must disregard original response
Anticipation - trying to predict stimulus spatial (where) and temporal (when)
Single Channel hypothesis

Question 30

How can you improve response time?

Answer 30

Mental practice
Practice specific response- go to move
Concentration
Fitness
Anticipation