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PE > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

How many chambers are there in the heart?

A

4 - R/L ventricle and R/L atria

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2
Q

Which chambers of the heart are bigger? Which has more pressure and thicker walls?

A

Ventricles are bigger and have thicker walls and more pressure to pump blood around the whole body

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3
Q

What are the main 4 blood vessels in the heart? What kind of blood do they carry and where do they lead?

A

Vena cava - deoxygenated blood to right atrium
Pulmonary vein - oxygenated blood to left atrium
Pulmonary artery - leaves right ventricle with deoxygenated blood to lungs
Aorta - leaves left ventricle with oxygenated blood to the body

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4
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system?

A

The way the heart contracts - beat starts in the heart itself so is myogenic

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5
Q

What are the 6 parts of the cardiac conduction system?

A 
1 - sinoatrial node (SAN)
2 - down atrium walls
3 - atrioventricular node (AVN)
4 - bundle of his
5 - bundle branches 
6 - purkyne fibres
7 - ventricles contract
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6
Q

What’s is anaerobic exercise? Give a sporting example

A

Work that doesn’t use oxygen

E.g. 100m sprint

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7
Q

What is aerobic exercise? Give a sporting example

A

Work with oxygen

E.g. 10,000m run, marathon, football midfielder

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8
Q

Why is the heart referred to as a dual pump system?

A

Because it has 2 desperate pumps working simultaneously - the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body

Remember left and right side are reversed!

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9
Q

What is the first stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole

Relaxation/filling stage lasting 0.5 secs
Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium from vena cava
Oxygenated blood enters left atrium from pulmonary veins
Rising blood pressure forces blood into ventricles through tricuspid and bicuspid valves

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10
Q

What is the second stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial systole

Contraction of the atria to force blood into ventricles

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11
Q

What is the third stage of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular systole
Contraction of ventricles
Blood is forces out to the body and the lungs
Bicuspid and tricuspid valves remain shut to prevent blood backflow

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12
Q

What is the term for when the contraction of the heart is not synchronised?

A

Fibrillation

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13
Q

What is the sympathetic system?

A

Part of the nervous system that speeds up heart rate

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14
Q

What is the parasympathetic system?

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate

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15
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

Most important part of the brain that regulates processes that keep us alive

E.g. breathing and heart beat

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16
Q

What 2 parts is the nervous system made of?

A

1 - CNS (brain and spinal chord)

2 - peripheral nervous system - nerve impulses that transmit info to/from CNS

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17
Q

What is the cardiac control centre stimulated by?

A

Chemoreceptors, baroreceptors and proprioreceptors

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18
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Tiny structures in cartoid arteries that detect changes in blood acidity due to CO2 concentration

19
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Sensors in tissue in aortic arch and vessels that detect changes in blood pressure

20
Q

What are proprioreceptors?

A

Nerve endings in muscles, tendons and joins that detect changes in muscle movement

21
Q

What is the technical name for coronary heart disease? What is the name for the fatty deposit that builds up?

A

Atherosclerosis

Atheroma

22
Q

What increases the risk of atherosclerosis?

A

High blood pressure
High level of cholesterol
Lack of exercise
Smoking

23
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

A stress hormone released by the sympathetic nervous system by during exercise. It increases cardiac output

24
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

Stress hormone released by parasympathetic nervous system - decreases cardiac output

25
Q

What is venus return?

A

Volume of blood returning to heart from the veins

26
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood pumped out of the heart per stroke

27
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

28
Q

What is starling’s law?

A

Increased venous return ➡️ greater diastolic filling of the heart ➡️ cardiac muscle stretched ➡️ more force of contraction ➡️ increased ejection fraction

29
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

Percentage of blood pumped out the left ventricle per beat

30
Q

What is it called when the heart becomes bigger and stronger?

A

Cardiac hypertrophy

31
Q

What is cardiovascular drift?

A

A progressive decrease in stroke volume and arterial blood pressure combined with a progressive rise in heart rate. It occurs during prolonged exercise

32
Q

What % of oxygen binds to haemoglobin? How many molecules of oxygen bind to haemoglobin?

A

1 - 97%

2 - 4 molecules

33
Q

When/why is oxygen released? What happens to CO2?

A

Oxygen is released at tissues due to low pressure of oxygen. CO2 diffuses opposite direction due to low pressure of CO2 in blood

34
Q

What is the release of oxygen from haemoglobin called?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation

35
Q

How is oxygen stored in muscles?

A

Myoglobin

36
Q

What happens to the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve during exercise? What is this called?

A

The whole curve shifts to the right. This is called Bohr shirt

37
Q

What are the three venous return mechanisms? What do they do?

A

1 - skeletal muscle pump
2 - the respiratory pump
3 - pocket valves

They help venous return during exercise

38
Q

How does the skeletal muscle pump increase venous return?

A

Muscles around veins contract and press on the veins, , causing a pumping effect an squeezing blood towards the heart

39
Q

How does the respiratory pump increase venous return?

A

During breathing pressure changes occur in the chest and stomach. These changes compress nearby veins and assist blood returning to the heart

40
Q

How do the pocket valves increase venous return?

A

It is important blood does not flow backwards, so the valves snap shut to prevent blood backflow

41
Q

What is the term to describe a heart rate that is below 60 beats per minute?

A

Bradycardia

42
Q

Why may trained and untrained performers have similar cardiac outputs in certain activities?

A 
Trained - high SV low heart rate
Untrained - low SV high heart rate
Balances out
Different physiques
Not specialised at activity
43
Q

What causes Bohr’s shift?

A

Increase in blood temperature
Partial pressure of CO2 increases
Decrease in pH
Demand for oxygen increased so dissociates faster

44
Q

What do you need to write about in a long answer question?

A

A01 - knowledge (what the things in the question are)

A02 - application (how it helps the performer)

A02 - how it helps performance

PE (6 decks)

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