Skill Acqustion In Sport Flashcards
1
Q
Define skill acquisition
A
The process of learning,Developing and retaining new skills or improving existing ones through practice, experience and training.
2
Q
Why is skill acquisition important ?
A
Skills acquisition helps coaches design effective training programme for athletes of different skills levels.
It provides insights into skill adaptation and application in various sporting environments, reducing learning plateaus and maximising progress.
3
Q
Define skill
A
Skill is “ the learned ablity to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty and efficiency. Often with minimal effort or energy”
4
Q
List some characteristics of a skilled performer ?
A
Learned- you aren’t born with them
Permeant changes in behaviour
Accurate and controlled
Goal directed- used to achieve something
Fluent
Aesthetic pleasing
Efficient and economic- minimum effort.
Consistent
5
Q
Define ablity
A
Ability is “ the innate, genetically determined traits that form the foundation for the development of skill and performance in various sport
6
Q
Give some examples of abilities
A
Balance
Muscular power and endurance
Flexibility
Coordination
7
Q
What are some characteristics of ability ?
A
Genetic
Stable and enduring
Varies between individuals
Influenced by physiology
Underpins skill development
8
Q
What are the factors that skill can be broken down into ?
A
Gross motor ability
Psychomotor ability.
9
Q
Define gross motor ability
A
Gross motor ability refers to the physical capacity that enable large muscle movements
10
Q
What are some key characteristics of gross motor ability
A
Involves large muscle groups
Focuses on power, endurance, flexibility, and coordination
Requires whole-body movement
Essential for fundamental movement skills
Important for dynamic, high-intensity actions
11
Q
Give a sporting example of gross motor ability
A
Football: Sprinting down the wing to beat a defender
12
Q
Define psychomotor ability
A
Psychomotor ability involves the combination of COGNITIVE processing(decision making, perception and understanding) and motor skills, allowing for precise and controlled movements.
13
Q
What are some key characteristics of psychomotor ability
A
Requires coordination between cognitive and motor processes
Involves fine motor control, reaction time, and decision-making
Essential for precision and accuracy in movement
Helps in adapting to unpredictable environments in sport
Often involves hand-eye or foot-eye coordination
Reaction time and response time
14
Q
Give a sporting example of psychomotor ability
A
Cricket: Adjusting shot selection based on the type of delivery
15
Q
What is classification of movement skills
A
using skill continues to better understand, teach and improve performance
16
Q
What benefit does this give a coach ?
A
This helps coaches, teachers and peformer to identify appropriate training methods and practice conditions. In the most appropriate manner
17
Q
How can classification assist a coach in planning training sessions
A
Targeted practice
Progression design
Peformance measurement
Motivation and confidence
18
Q
What is skills are involved with enviromental influence continuum
A
Open-closed skill
19
Q
What skills are involved on the pacing continuum ?
A
Self paced- externally paced
20
Q
What skills are involved in the muscular involvement continuum ?
A
Gross- fine skills
21
Q
What skills are involved on the continuity continuum ?
A
Discrete-serial-continuous skills
22
Q
What skills are involved in organisation continuum ?
A
High-low organisation skills
23
Q
What skills are involved in the difficulty continuum ?
A
Simple-complex skills
24
Q
What is the exam hints for this topic ?
A
Most likely to be asked the following:
Indentify the skill classification for a skill
Place the skill on a skill continua
Justify the placement of the skill
25
Define learning
permant change in Behaviour that is reflected in a change of performance(knapp)
26
Define performance
the demonstration of the solving of a problem or task at a given moment in time i.e. it is a temporary phenomenon
27
What are the 3 stages of learning ?
Cognitive (beginner)
Associative (intermediate)
Autonomous (expert stage)
28
What are some characteristics of the cognitive stage
Rely upon verbal queues
Short attention capacity
Skills are not smooth or slow or consistent
Manual guidance used
Lacks and has no kinaesthetic feedback
High number of errors
29
What are some characteristic of the associative stage of learning ?
Fewer errors with increased consistency
Performance is smoother and more reliable.
Improved kinaesthetic awareness
More autonomous but still needs feedback
Movement patterns are more fluent
Get a feel for the movement, some intrinsic feedback
30
What are some characteristics of the autonomous stage ?
High consistency and accuracy
Minimal conscious thought required
Effective use of intrinsic feedback
Concentration levels are very high
31
Define kinaesthetic feedback
Kinaesthetic feedback(also known as proprioreceptor) is a type of intrinsic feedback that comes from the sensory receptors(proprioceptors) within muscle, joints and tendons. It provides information about body position, movement, force and muscle tension without relying on external sources.
32
What are the 4 learning curves
1) linear learning curve
2) positive accelerated curve
3) negative accelerated curve
4) s-shaped(sigmoid) learning curve
33
Define linear curve and when it occurs within training
The rate of improvement is directly proportional to the number of practice session- there is constant improvement
Occurs when a skill is simple or when the performer is highly motivated
34
Give an example of when linear curve will be achieved
beginner improving their sprint start technique at a consistent rate
35
What is a positively accelerated curve and when will it occur ?
Shows slow progress at first Followed by rapid improvement
Happened when a skill is complex and difficult at first, but once understood, progress speeds up
36
Give a sporting example of when positively accelerated curve would occur ?
a gymnast struggling with a backflip initially but rapidly improving once they grasp the technique
37
What is a negatively accelerated curve and when would it occur within training ?
Shows rapid progress early on, then plateaus as learning slows down
Common when learning a skill that is easy to grasp initially but becomes harder to perfect
38
Give a sporting example of when a negatively accelerated curve occurs ?
a footballer learning how to pass, basic passsing is learned quickly, but refining technique for a long pass takes longer
39
What is the s-shaped(sigmoid) curve and when would it be used or shown ?
A combination of slow initial learning. Followed by rapid improvement then as plateau. Then a plateau
Represents a peformer struggling at first, then making a break through before levelling off
40
Give a sporting example of the s-shaped learning curve being used
a swimmer learning butterfly stroke- initially difficult, then improving quickly. Before hitting a peformance plateau
41
Define plateau
A plateau is when no progress is being made within a training programme
42
What are reasons for a plateauing occurring ?
Not skilful enough to progress
Fatigue within the performer
Information overload
Feedback/ coaching not detailed enough
Physical and mental exhaustion
Motivation- mundane activity
43
How can a coach or peformer stop a plateau occurring ?
They tend to be specific to the individual but here’s a list:
Smaller chunks of information and subroutines
Goal setting
Comparison
Make training intresting and meet the demands and needs of the individuals
Effective feedback
Effective and planned recovery
44
Define observational learning
In the context of sports, observational learning, or “action observation” involves athletes learning new skills and improving performance by watching others, particularly skilled athletes, and then replicating those actions.- behavioural traits e,g gamesmanship
45
What does D A R M M M stand for
Demonstration
Attention
Retention
Motor production
Motivation
Matching performance
46
What is meant by “transfer of learning
This refers to the effect that learning one task has on the learning of another.
Learning of a regularly peforming a skill can affect, either positively or negatively. The learning of a second skill.
47
What are the 6 types of transfer of a skill
Negative
Positive
Zero
Bi- lateral
Pro active
Retro active
48
What is negative transfer of a skill ?
When learning one skill hinders or inhibits or negatively affects the learning or performance of another skill. This usually occurs when two skills have similar movements but require different techniques.
49
Give a sporting example of a negative transferred skill
A badminton player learning tennis may struggle with their forehand stroke because the wrist movement in badminton is more flexible, whereas in tennis, it requires a firmer grip.
50
What is a positive transfer of skill ?
When learning one skill benefits or enhances the learning or performance of another skill. This makes learning the second skill easier.
51
Give a sporting example of a positive transfer of skill
netball player learning basketball will find it easier to pass and catch the ball due to transferable hand-eye coordination and movement patterns.
52
What is a zero transfer of skill ?
When learning one skill has no impact on the learning or performance of another skill.
53
Please give a sporting example of when zero transfer of skill occurs
Learning how to swim will have no effect on learning to play golf because the movement patterns and muscle groups used are entirely different.
54
Explain what is meant by the term “ bi- lateral transfer”
When learning a skill on one side of the body helps the performance of the same skill on the opposite side of the body
55
Give a sporting example for bi- lateral skill transfer
A footballer who has learned to pass with their dominant right foot may find it easier to develop passing ability with their weaker left foot making them unpredictable.
56
What is a pro- active skill transfer ?
When a previously learned skill influences the learning of a new skill. The effect can be positive or negative or no effect at all depending on the similarity between skills.
57
Please give a sporting example of a pro active transfer
a winger in football who is used to sprinting down the flank and evading defenders may find it easier to transition into playing as a winger in rugby, where similar movement patterns and evasion skills are required to beat opponents and make attacking runs.
58
What is meant by “retro active skill transfer” ?
When learning a new skill influences a previously learned skill, either improving or hindering its performance.
59
Please give a sporting example of retro active skill transfer
sprinter who takes up cycling may find their sprinting technique improves due to
increased leg strength, or it could worsen due to altered muscle recruitment patterns.
60
What are the ways in which a coach can ensure successful transfer of skills take place
Eradicating issues with technique
Ensuring original technique is well understood and developed
Giving feedback and guidance to the athlete
Motivation and positivity
Similarity of the skill
61
Define guidance
any information coaches or teammates give to learners help them develop their skills
62
What are the factors that impacts guidance that is used ?
Stage of learning of the individual
Nature of activity
Individual preferences
The learners ablity
Motivation
Age
Learning environment
63
How many types of guidance are there ?
4
64
Please list all types of guidance
Visual
Verbal
Mechanical
Manual
65
Define visual guidance
Providing demonstrations images or videos to show how a skill is performed
66
Define verbal guidance
Using spoken instructions, explanations or cues to describe a skill or correct performance.
67
Define manual guidance
Physical support provide by a coach or instructor to guide movement
68
Define mechanical guidance
Using equipment or aids to assist skill development
69
What stages of learning would use verbal guidance ?
All stages
70
What stages would use visual guidance ?
All stages
71
What stage of learner would use manual guidance ?
Most effective for cognitive learns but also effective for associative learners
72
What stage of learns would use mechanical guidance ?
Most effective for cognitive learns as they need to understand the kinaesthetic movement(get a feel for the movement)
73
What are some advantages of verbal guidance ?
Quick and immediate
Effective alongside visual guidance
Helps to reinforce key coaching points
74
What are some negatives of verbal guidance ?
Potential information overload
Requires beginners to understand new and unique terminology
Less effective on its own for beginners
75
What are some positives of visual guidance ?
Helps beginners understand the movement
provides a mental image of the skill
good for teaching large groups
76
What are the disadvantages of visual guidance ?
Can be ineffective if demonstration is incorrect
Complex skills may be difficult to visual interpret
Less effective for autonomous learners
77
What are the advantages of manual guidance
Allows for confidence to be built in beginners
Provides kinaesthetic feedback
Reduces risk of injury for dangerous skills
78
What are the negatives of manual guidance
Can create dependency on coaches physical guidance
May limit independent learning
Some athletes may feel uncomfortable with physical touch
79
What are the positives of mechanical advantages
Increases safety when learning dangerous or complex skills
Allows practice without fear of faliure
Helps devlop confidence
80
What are the negatives of mechanical guidance
Can create a reliance on the equipment
May not fully replicate real movement patterns
Can be expensive
Now always accessible or available
81
82
83
What factors impact the method of practice used ?
Stage of learning
Personality and motivation
Classification of skill e.g open/closed
Facilities,equipment and time available
Size and structure of group.
84
Define mental practice
The athletes visuals themselves peforming a skill with no actual physical movement involved. Mental practice has been shown to have an impact on improved performance. Unfortunately it cannot replace physical practice.
85
What are the 3 benefits of mental practice
Cognitive
Neuromuscular
Confidence
86
How many types of practice are there ?
8
87
Define a fixed skill
Practicing a skill in a stable unchanging environment. The conditions always remain the same
88
Define distributed practice
Practice is broken up with rest intervals or other activities in between
89
Define whole practice
Practicing a whole skill rather than breaking down into parts
90
Define massed practice
Long, continues practice sessions with little or no rest
91
Define part practice
Breaking a skill into smaller parts and practicing them separately before putting them together
92
Define progressive part practice
Practicing parts of a skill step by step, gradually linking them together.
93
Define variable practice
Practicing a skill in different conditions, changing factors such as speed,enviroment or opponents
94
Define whole part whole practice
The skill is first practiced as a whole then broken down into parts for improvement, before being practiced as a whole again.
95
What are some advantages of fixed practice
Reinforces muscle memory
Good for perfecting technique
96
What are some positives of distributed practice ?
Allows recovery time
prevents fatigue and maintain focus
Better for learning complex skills
97
What are some positives of whole practice
Helps devlop kinaesthetic awareness
Maintains the flow of the movement
Full kinaesthetic understanding
98
What are the advantages of massedpractice
Time efficient
Maximises practice time
Can improve performance under fatigue
99
What are some advantages of part practice ?
Simplifies learning
Allows mastery of individual components
Helps build confidence
Best used for cognitive learners
100
What are the advantages of progressive part practice
Builds the skill progressively
Helps understand the relationship between components
Encourage mastery of each individual component
101
What are some advantages of variable practice
Enhances adaptability and decision making
Prepares performer for unpredictable environments
Reduces bordem
102
What are some advantages of whole part whole practice ?
Allows for idenfication and correction of technique issues
Maintains sense of the complete skill
Encourages skill transfer
103
What are some disadvantages of fixed practice ?
Reducing motivation
Limited adablity to changing enviroment
Fatigue sets in
Can cause bad habits
Doesn’t incorporate team sports
104
What are some disadvantages of distributed practice ?
May lead to less overall practice time
Potential for decreased intensity of session
Disrupts autonomic learns
Stops flow of session
105
What are some disadvantages of whole practice
May disrupt
106
What are some disadvantages of massed practice ?
Increase risk of fatigue and burnout
May lead to decreased performance and learning due to exhaustion
Isn’t always time for feedback
107
What are some disadvantages of part practice
May disrupts the flow and timing when combining parts
Learns may struggle to integrate components into a fluid whole.
Time consuming
Leads to bad habits
Initial sub routines must be well learnt
108
What are some disadvantages of progressive part practice ?
Time consuming
Early parts learned wrong can negatively affect the entire skill
Can reduce full kinaesthetic
109
What are some disadvantages of variable practice
May be slow initial skill acquisition
Can be challenge for cognitive learns due to increased complexity
Can be time consuming
110
What are some disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice ?
Can be disjointed if not managed well
Requires careful planning to ensure effective integration of parts
Well experienced coach required
111
Define beh
