Skill Acquisition - Principles And Theories Of Learning And Performance Flashcards
Define learning.
A permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice
Define performance.
A tempoary occurence that can change from time to time because of many internal and external influences.
What are the three stages of learning?
1) Cognitive
2) Associative
3) Autonomous
Provide 3 characteristics of the cognitive stage?
- You learn the actions required to perform a skill
- Frequent errors occur
- Require a lot of extrinsic feedback during this stage
Provide 3 characteristics of the associative stage.
- Learners refine the accuracy and consistency of the skill
- There is a reduced number of errors
- Performer begins to become successful
Provide 3 characteristics of the autonomous stage.
- Skills are efficient and accurate and feel effortless
- Performer analyses their own actions and performance
- Less attention is required to produce the skill effectively
What is feedback?
- Information which is given to the performer to aid error correction.
What is positive feedback.
Encouragement towards the player about what they did well.
What is negative feedback.
Where the performer is told what they have done wrong and how to correct it.
What is extrinsic feedback?
Feedback which is given from an outside source
What is intrinsic feedback?
Feedback which is given to the performer via themselves
What is a learning curve a representation of?
It is a visual representation of what happens when a closed skill is performed repeatedly by a novice.
How many stages are there in the learning curve?
There are 4 separate stages within the learning curve
What happens during stage 1 of the learning curve?
The rate of learning is slow and the performer is in the cognitive stage of learning
What happens during stage 2 of the learning curve?
There is a rapid acceleration in the rate of learning and the performer has begun to master the task.
What happens during stage 3 of the learning curve?
There is no improvement in the rate of learning and performance levels remain at the same level
What happens during stage 4 of the learning curve?
The performance of the task begins to deteriorate, possibly due to fatigue.
Define drive reduction.
An end of task period when performance may get worse
What is a plateau.
A period of no improvement in performance
List 3 causes which could explain the plateau of the learning curve.
1) Poor coaching
2) Performer lacks the motivation and drive to move on
3) The repetitive nature of a closed skill may have caused boredom
3 solutions to prevent the plateau effect in the learning curve.
1) The player could attempt to find a more effective coach
2) The player could get more extrinsic feedback to increase motivation
3) More variety could be added so boredom can be avoided
What are the 4 types of guidance a coach could use to help a performer?
1) Visual guidance
2) Verbal guidance
3) Manual guidance
4) Mechanical guidance
What is visual guidance and provide an example.
Guidance which can be seen as a physical demonstration. For example, a football coach may show the players how to perform a skill through a physical demonstration.
What is verbal guidance and provide an example.
An explanation of the task being performed. For example a basketball player being told verbally how to perform a lay-up.
What is manual guidance and provide an example.
Where the coach offers physical support during performance, for example holding a gymnast during a handstand.
What is mechanical guidance and provide an example.
Mechanical guidance is where a coach uses a device to aid performance. For example a novice swimmer using swimming armbands.
What are the three factors which shape behaviour through operant conditioning?
- Positive reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
- Punishment
What is positive reinforcement and provide a sporting example.
A pleasant stimulus after the correct response, for example a coach gives a defender a man of the match award.
What is negative reinforcement and provide a sporting example.
Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response, for example stopping criticising a players’s tackling after they are tackling well.
What is a punishment and provide a sporting example.
An unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect action recurring, for example a red card in football.
What did Bandura’s social learning theory state?
It suggested that both negative and positive behaviour can be learnt by watching and copying others.
What are the 4 processes which the coach needs to fulfill to ensure their desired behaviour is copied by their player?
1) Attention
2) Retention
3) Motor production
4) Motivation
Define retention.
Having the ability to recall important information from the memory system
What is insight learning.
Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill
