Applied Anatomy And Physiology - The Respiratory System. Flashcards
What are the 7 steps to the passage of air into the lungs?
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
What two muscles are used for inspiration during rest?
The diaphragm and external intercostals
What two muscles are used for expiration during rest?
The diaphragm and external intercostals however they just relax.
What muscles are used during inspiration during exercise? (5)
- Diaphragm
- External intercostals
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Scalene
- Pectorals minor
What two muscles are used during expiration during exercise?
- Internal intercostals
- Abdominals
Describe what gases are exchanged between the alveoli and bloodstream?
The CO2 in the blood diffuses to the lungs where it is eventually breathed out while the oxygen in the alveolus diffuses to the blood stream to provide oxygen to the body.
What are 5 features of the alveoli which assist gaseous exchange/ diffusion.
- Large surface area of alveoli
- Moist thin walls (one cell thick)
- Short diffusion pathway
- Contains lot’s of capillaries
- Large blood supply
Define tidal volume.
The volume of air inspired or expired per breath.
Define minute ventilation.
The volume of air inspired or expired per minute.
What is the formula to calculate minute ventilation?
Minute ventilation = number of breaths (per min) X tidal volume.
Define inspiratory reserve volume.
Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath.
Define expiratory reserve volume.
Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
Define residual volume.
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration.
Does tidal volume increase or decrease during exercise?
It increases.
Does inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume decrease or increase during exercise?
They both decrease.
Does minute ventilation increase or decrease during exercise?
It increases.
What is the function of the respiratory system?
To provide oxygen to the body and get rid of any CO2.
What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
A disease which is the name for a collection of diseases such as emphysema.
How is emphysema caused?
The main cause of emphysema is smoking.
What are two ways smoking affects the respiratory system.
- Smoking can damage the alveoli which reduces the efficiency of gaseous exchange.
- Smoking reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
When a human exhales, what happens to the air pressure in the chest cavity?
During expiration, the air pressure in the chest cavity increases to allow air to breathed out. (Diffusion).
When a human inhales, what happens to the air pressure in the chest cavity?
The air pressure in the chest cavity decreases which allows outside air to flow into the lungs. (Diffusion).
What is another word for pulmonary ventilation?
Breathing.
What are the 3 factors involved in the regulation of pulmonary ventilation?
- Neural control
- Chemical control
- Hormonal control
What does neural control involve in the body?
The brain and the nervous system
What is the chemical control concerned with?
The blood acidity
What two factors work together to regulate breathing?
The neural and chemical control
How does neural and chemical control work together to regulate pulmonary ventilation
When blood acidity is high, the brain is informed and sends impulses through the nervous system to increase breathing.
Where is the respiratory centre located?
In the medulla oblongata
What are stretch receptors?
They are receptors which prevent over inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory system.
How does hormonal control regulate pulmonary ventilation during exercise?
Adrenaline is released just before we exercise which causes our breathing rate to increase to take in more oxygen and dispose more CO2
