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Anatomy and Physiology > Skeltal System > Flashcards

Skeltal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the skeletal system?

A

Bones
Joints
Cartilage
Ligaments
All made of CT

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2
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

Support
Protection
Leverage (force of motion)
Blood cell production (red marrow)
Storage of lipids (yellow marrow)
Storage of minerals (e.g., calcium)

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3
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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4
Q

How are bones classified?

A

Shape
Bone markings
Structure

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5
Q

What are the bone shapes?

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Suturak (Wormsin bones
Sesamoid bones

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6
Q

What are long bones?

A

Long and slender
Arms, for arms, thighs, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes

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7
Q

What are short bones?

A

Small and thick
Carpal and tarsal

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8
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Thin with parallel surfaces.
Skull, sternum, ribs, and scapula.

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9
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Have complex shapes.
Vertebrae, pelvic bones, and several skull bones.

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10
Q

What are sutural bones?

A

Small, flat, and irregular bones.
Between flat bones of skull.
Not included in the 296 bones count.

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11
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Sesame seed lie.
Develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet.
Patella.

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12
Q

What are bone markings, projections?

A

Where tendons and ligaments attach.
At articulation with other bones.

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13
Q

What are bone markings, depression?

A

Along bone surface.

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14
Q

What are bone markings, openings?

A

Where blood vessels and nerves enter the bone.

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15
Q

What are the two structural types of bones?

A

Compact, dense
Spongy, dense
Distribution in long bones is different from short bones.

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16
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

wide part at each end
articulation with other bones
spongy (cancellous) bone covered with compact bone

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17
Q

What is the diaphysis, shaft?

A

heavy wall of compact (dense) bone
lined by thin rim of spongy bone
central space = marrow (medullary) cavity

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18
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

Between diaphysis and epiphysis.

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19
Q

What is the structure of flat bones?

A

Resembles a sandwich of spongy bone.
Between two layers of compact bone.

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20
Q

What is the histology of osseous tissue?

A

Supportive connective tissue.
Contains:
Bone cells
Solid matrix: protein fibres and ground substance

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21
Q

What are bone cells?

A

Make up only 2% of bone mass:
osteocytes (mature cells)
osteoblasts (bone forming cells)
osteoprogenitor cells (stem, mother cells)
osteoclasts (bone eating cells)

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22
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells
Most abundant cells
Live in lacunae
Between layers of matrix (lamellae)
Connected by cytoplasmic extensions through canaliculi
Do not divide
Function:
maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
help repair damaged bone

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23
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Immature bone cells
Secrete new bone matrix (osteogenesis)
Osteoblasts surrounded by bone
become  osteocytes
Osteoid:
non calcified matrix producedSecrete by osteoblasts
calcium deposition converts osteoid into osseous tissue (bone)

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24
Q

What are ostoprogenitor cells?

A

= Osteogenic cells
Mesenchymal stem cells
Located in inner, cellular layer of periosteum and endosteum
Divide to produce osteoblasts
Assist in fracture repair

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25
What are osteoclasts?
Giant, multinucleated cells Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis)
26
What is the composition of the matrix?
Minerals: 2/3 of bone weight mostly Ca3(PO4)2 Protein fibers: 1/3 of bone weight mostly collagen fibers
27
What is bone homeostasis?
Balance between: bone building (by osteblasts) and bone recycling (by osteoclasts) Imbalance: breakdown > building  weak bones building > breakdown: growth (e.g., exercise)
28
What is the structure of the osteon?
Osteocytes in lacunae are arranged in concentric lamellae around a central canal containing blood vessels Perforating canals: perpendicular to the central canal carry blood vessels Circumferential Lamellae: wrapped around the long bone bind osteons together
29
What is spongy (cancellous) bone?
No osteons Matrix forms an open network of trabeculae Trabeculae have no blood vessels
30
What is red marrow?
Red marrow: between trabeculae of spongy bones has blood vessels factory of blood elements supplies nutrients to osteocytes
31
What is yellow marrow?
Yellow marrow: Mainly in medullary cavities of long bones in some spongy bone stores fat
32
What is the periosteum and endosteum?
2 membranes: periosteum covers compact bones (outside) endosteum lines marrow cavities (inside)
33
What is the periosteum?
Covers all bones except parts enclosed in joint capsules Consists of: outer – fibrous layer inner – cellular layer Function: isolates bone from surrounding tissues provides a route for blood, lymph, and nerve supply participates in bone growth and repair
34
What is the endosteum?
Incomplete cellular layer: lines the marrow cavity covers trabeculae of spongy bone lines central canals Contains: osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts Function: active in bone growth and repair
35
What is bone development?
Human bones grow until about age 25 Osteogenesis: bone formation Ossification: replacing other tissues with bone Calcification: deposition of calcium salts occurs in : bones during ossification other tissues
36
What are characteristics of adult bones?
When long bone stops growing after puberty: epiphyseal cartilage disappears visible on X-rays as an epiphyseal line
37
What is the blood supply of bones?
Bones are highly vascular Major sets of blood vessels
38
What is the components of the blood supply in bones?
Nutrient vessels: a single pair of large blood vessels (artery & vein) enter the diaphysis through the nutrient foramen femur has more than 1 pair Metaphyseal vessels: supply the epiphyseal cartilage where bone growth occurs Periosteal vessels provide: blood to superficial osteons secondary ossification centers
39
What are weight bearing bones?
Femur transfers weight from hip joint to knee joint causing Tension of lateral side of shaft. Body weight is applied force. Compression on medial side of shaft.
40
How does the skeleton remodel?
The adult skeleton: maintains itself replaces mineral reserves Remodeling: recycles and renews bone matrix involves osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
41
What are the effects of excise on the bone?
Mineral recycling allows bones to adapt to stress. Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger.
42
What is bone degeneration?
Bones degenerates quickly Up to 1/3 of bone mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity
43
What are the effects of nutrition and hormones on bone?
Normal bone growth and maintenance requires: nutritional factors: proteins minerals vitamins hormonal control
44
What are the effects of minerals on bones?
A constant dietary source of calcium and phosphate salts Lesser amounts of magnesium, fluoride, iron, and manganese
45
What is the effect of calcitriol (D3)?
Synthesized from cholecalciferol Activated in the kidneys Helps absorb Ca and P from small intestine Vitamin D   rickets – osteomalacia
46
How do other vitamins effect the bones?
Vitamin C: required for collagen synthesis stimulates osteoblast differentiation vitamin C   scurvy Vitamin A: stimulates osteoblast activity Vitamins K and B12: help synthesize bone proteins
47
How to hormones effect the bones?
Calcitriol (Vitamin D) Calcitonin  osteoclast activity   Ca++ and  PO4 in blood Parathyroid hormone  osteoclast activity   Ca++ and  PO4 in blood Growth hormone, thyroxine, and sex hormones (estrogens and androgens) stimulate osteoblasts, bone matrix, and enhance bone growth
48
What are three abnormal bone growth disorders?
Gigantism Acromegaly Dwarfism
49
How is the skeleton a calcium reserve?
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body 1-2 Kg of the body 99% of body calcium is stored in bones Bones store calcium and other minerals
50
What is the function of calcium?
Calcium ions are vital to: membranes neurons muscle cells
51
How is calcium regulated?
Calcium ions in body fluids must be closely regulated Normal plasma calcium: 9 – 11 mg/dl Hyper/hypocalcemia  serious conditions Ca homeostasis is maintained by: calcitriol (vitamin D) parathyroid hormone (PTH) increase blood Ca calcitonin decreases blood Ca
52
How are minerals lost?
Calcium and phosphate ions in blood are lost in urine Ions must be replaced to maintain homeostasis If not obtained from diet, ions are removed from the skeleton, weakening bones Exercise and nutrition keep bones strong
53
What are bone fractures?
Cracks or breaks in bones. Caused by physical stress. Repaired in four steps.
54
Part one of fracture repair
Bleeding: produces a clot (fracture hematoma) establishes a fibrous network Bone cells in the area die
55
Step two of fracture repair
Cells of the endosteum and periosteum: divide and migrate into fracture zone Calluses stabilize the break: internal callus develops in marrow cavity and between broken ends external callus of cartilage and bone surrounds break
56
Step three in fracture repair
Osteoblasts: replace central cartilage of external callus with bone Bone debris are removed
57
Step four in fracture repair
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts remodel the fracture for up to a year: reducing bone calluses
58
What is the effect of age and bones?
Bones become thinner and weaker with age Women lose 8% of bone mass per decade (men 3%) Osteopenia (low bone density) begins between ages 30 and 40 Osteoporosis …
59
What is osteoporosis?
Reduction in bone mass Affects normal function Over age 45, occurs in: 29% of women 18% of men Effect of hormones: estrogens and androgens maintain bone mass osteoporosis accelerates in women after menopause
60
What are the effects of bone loss?
Most affected bones: epiphyses  fragile limbs vertebrae  reduction in height jaws  teeth loss
61
Bones and cancer
Cancerous tissues release osteoclast-activating factor: stimulates osteoclasts produces severe osteoporosis causes pathological fractures

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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