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Anatomy and Physiology > Skeltal System > Flashcards

Skeltal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the skeletal system?

A

Bones
Joints
Cartilage
Ligaments
All made of CT

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2
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

Support
Protection
Leverage (force of motion)
Blood cell production (red marrow)
Storage of lipids (yellow marrow)
Storage of minerals (e.g., calcium)

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3
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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4
Q

How are bones classified?

A

Shape
Bone markings
Structure

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5
Q

What are the bone shapes?

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Suturak (Wormsin bones
Sesamoid bones

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6
Q

What are long bones?

A

Long and slender
Arms, for arms, thighs, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes

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7
Q

What are short bones?

A

Small and thick
Carpal and tarsal

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8
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Thin with parallel surfaces.
Skull, sternum, ribs, and scapula.

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9
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Have complex shapes.
Vertebrae, pelvic bones, and several skull bones.

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10
Q

What are sutural bones?

A

Small, flat, and irregular bones.
Between flat bones of skull.
Not included in the 296 bones count.

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11
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Sesame seed lie.
Develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet.
Patella.

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12
Q

What are bone markings, projections?

A

Where tendons and ligaments attach.
At articulation with other bones.

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13
Q

What are bone markings, depression?

A

Along bone surface.

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14
Q

What are bone markings, openings?

A

Where blood vessels and nerves enter the bone.

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15
Q

What are the two structural types of bones?

A

Compact, dense
Spongy, dense
Distribution in long bones is different from short bones.

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16
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

wide part at each end
articulation with other bones
spongy (cancellous) bone covered with compact bone

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17
Q

What is the diaphysis, shaft?

A

heavy wall of compact (dense) bone
lined by thin rim of spongy bone
central space = marrow (medullary) cavity

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18
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

Between diaphysis and epiphysis.

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19
Q

What is the structure of flat bones?

A

Resembles a sandwich of spongy bone.
Between two layers of compact bone.

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20
Q

What is the histology of osseous tissue?

A

Supportive connective tissue.
Contains:
Bone cells
Solid matrix: protein fibres and ground substance

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21
Q

What are bone cells?

A

Make up only 2% of bone mass:
osteocytes (mature cells)
osteoblasts (bone forming cells)
osteoprogenitor cells (stem, mother cells)
osteoclasts (bone eating cells)

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22
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells
Most abundant cells
Live in lacunae
Between layers of matrix (lamellae)
Connected by cytoplasmic extensions through canaliculi
Do not divide
Function:
maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
help repair damaged bone

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23
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Immature bone cells
Secrete new bone matrix (osteogenesis)
Osteoblasts surrounded by bone
become  osteocytes
Osteoid:
non calcified matrix producedSecrete by osteoblasts
calcium deposition converts osteoid into osseous tissue (bone)

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24
Q

What are ostoprogenitor cells?

A

= Osteogenic cells
Mesenchymal stem cells
Located in inner, cellular layer of periosteum and endosteum
Divide to produce osteoblasts
Assist in fracture repair

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25
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Giant, multinucleated cells
Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages
Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes
Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals (osteolysis)

26
Q

What is the composition of the matrix?

A

Minerals:
2/3 of bone weight
mostly Ca3(PO4)2
Protein fibers:
1/3 of bone weight
mostly collagen fibers

27
Q

What is bone homeostasis?

A

Balance between:
bone building (by osteblasts) and
bone recycling (by osteoclasts)
Imbalance:
breakdown > building  weak bones
building > breakdown:
growth (e.g., exercise)

28
Q

What is the structure of the osteon?

A

Osteocytes in lacunae are arranged in concentric lamellae around a central canal containing blood vessels
Perforating canals:
perpendicular to the central canal
carry blood vessels
Circumferential Lamellae:
wrapped around the long bone
bind osteons together

29
Q

What is spongy (cancellous) bone?

A

No osteons
Matrix forms an open network of trabeculae
Trabeculae have no blood vessels

30
Q

What is red marrow?

A

Red marrow:
between trabeculae of spongy bones
has blood vessels
factory of blood elements
supplies nutrients to osteocytes

31
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

Yellow marrow:
Mainly in medullary cavities of long bones
in some spongy bone
stores fat

32
Q

What is the periosteum and endosteum?

A

2 membranes:
periosteum covers compact bones (outside)
endosteum lines marrow cavities (inside)

33
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Covers all bones except parts enclosed in joint capsules
Consists of:
outer – fibrous layer
inner – cellular layer
Function:
isolates bone from surrounding tissues
provides a route for blood, lymph, and nerve supply
participates in bone growth and repair

34
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Incomplete cellular layer:
lines the marrow cavity
covers trabeculae of spongy bone
lines central canals
Contains:
osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts
Function:
active in bone growth and repair

35
Q

What is bone development?

A

Human bones grow until about age 25
Osteogenesis:
bone formation
Ossification:
replacing other tissues with bone
Calcification:
deposition of calcium salts
occurs in :
bones during ossification
other tissues

36
Q

What are characteristics of adult bones?

A

When long bone stops growing after puberty:
epiphyseal cartilage disappears
visible on X-rays as an epiphyseal line

37
Q

What is the blood supply of bones?

A

Bones are highly vascular
Major sets of blood vessels

38
Q

What is the components of the blood supply in bones?

A

Nutrient vessels:
a single pair of large blood vessels (artery & vein)
enter the diaphysis through the nutrient foramen
femur has more than 1 pair
Metaphyseal vessels:
supply the epiphyseal cartilage
where bone growth occurs
Periosteal vessels provide:
blood to superficial osteons
secondary ossification centers

39
Q

What are weight bearing bones?

A

Femur transfers weight from hip joint to knee joint causing
Tension of lateral side of shaft.
Body weight is applied force.
Compression on medial side of shaft.

40
Q

How does the skeleton remodel?

A

The adult skeleton:
maintains itself
replaces mineral reserves
Remodeling:
recycles and renews bone matrix
involves osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

41
Q

What are the effects of excise on the bone?

A

Mineral recycling allows bones to adapt to stress.
Heavily stressed bones become thicker and stronger.

42
Q

What is bone degeneration?

A

Bones degenerates quickly
Up to 1/3 of bone mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity

43
Q

What are the effects of nutrition and hormones on bone?

A

Normal bone growth and maintenance requires:
nutritional factors:
proteins
minerals
vitamins
hormonal control

44
Q

What are the effects of minerals on bones?

A

A constant dietary source of calcium and phosphate salts
Lesser amounts of magnesium, fluoride, iron, and manganese

45
Q

What is the effect of calcitriol (D3)?

A

Synthesized from cholecalciferol
Activated in the kidneys
Helps absorb Ca and P from small intestine
Vitamin D   rickets – osteomalacia

46
Q

How do other vitamins effect the bones?

A

Vitamin C:
required for collagen synthesis
stimulates osteoblast differentiation
vitamin C   scurvy
Vitamin A:
stimulates osteoblast activity
Vitamins K and B12:
help synthesize bone proteins

47
Q

How to hormones effect the bones?

A

Calcitriol (Vitamin D)
Calcitonin  osteoclast activity   Ca++ and  PO4 in blood
Parathyroid hormone  osteoclast activity   Ca++ and  PO4 in blood
Growth hormone, thyroxine, and sex hormones (estrogens and androgens) stimulate osteoblasts, bone matrix, and enhance bone growth

48
Q

What are three abnormal bone growth disorders?

A

Gigantism
Acromegaly
Dwarfism

49
Q

How is the skeleton a calcium reserve?

A

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body
1-2 Kg of the body
99% of body calcium is stored in bones
Bones store calcium and other minerals

50
Q

What is the function of calcium?

A

Calcium ions are vital to:
membranes
neurons
muscle cells

51
Q

How is calcium regulated?

A

Calcium ions in body fluids must be closely regulated
Normal plasma calcium: 9 – 11 mg/dl
Hyper/hypocalcemia  serious conditions
Ca homeostasis is maintained by:
calcitriol (vitamin D)
parathyroid hormone (PTH) increase blood Ca
calcitonin decreases blood Ca

52
Q

How are minerals lost?

A

Calcium and phosphate ions in blood are lost in urine
Ions must be replaced to maintain homeostasis
If not obtained from diet, ions are removed from the skeleton, weakening bones
Exercise and nutrition keep bones strong

53
Q

What are bone fractures?

A

Cracks or breaks in bones.
Caused by physical stress.
Repaired in four steps.

54
Q

Part one of fracture repair

A

Bleeding:
produces a clot (fracture hematoma)
establishes a fibrous network
Bone cells in the area die

55
Q

Step two of fracture repair

A

Cells of the endosteum and periosteum:
divide and migrate into fracture zone
Calluses stabilize the break:
internal callus develops in marrow cavity and between broken ends
external callus of cartilage and bone surrounds break

56
Q

Step three in fracture repair

A

Osteoblasts:
replace central cartilage of external callus with bone
Bone debris are removed

57
Q

Step four in fracture repair

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts remodel the fracture for up to a year:
reducing bone calluses

58
Q

What is the effect of age and bones?

A

Bones become thinner and weaker with age
Women lose 8% of bone mass per decade (men 3%)
Osteopenia (low bone density) begins between ages 30 and 40
Osteoporosis …

59
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Reduction in bone mass
Affects normal function
Over age 45, occurs in:
29% of women
18% of men
Effect of hormones:
estrogens and androgens maintain bone mass
osteoporosis accelerates in women after menopause

60
Q

What are the effects of bone loss?

A

Most affected bones:
epiphyses  fragile limbs
vertebrae  reduction in height
jaws  teeth loss

61
Q

Bones and cancer

A

Cancerous tissues release osteoclast-activating factor:
stimulates osteoclasts
produces severe osteoporosis
causes pathological fractures

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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