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Anatomy and Physiology > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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2
Q

How many bones are in axial skeleton?

A

80

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3
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

It forms the longitude axis of the body. From the skull down to the coccyx. This excludes the arms. Some call core of the body.

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4
Q

What are the functions of the axial skeleton?

A

It supports and protects organs in the body cavity. It attaches to the muscles of the head, neck, trunk, and appendicular skeleton.

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5
Q

What are the main bones of the axial skeleton?

A

Skull and associated bones
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage

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6
Q

What are some specific bones in the axial skeleton?

A

Skull and Associated Bones:
The skull includes the cranium and facial bones.
The associated bones include the auditory bones and the hyoid bones.

Thoracic Cage:
Sternum
Ribs

Vertebral Column:
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx

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7
Q

What bones is the skull made of and how many are there?

A

The skull and 22 bones and 7 associated bones, totalling 29 bones. Of the skull bones there are 8 cranial bones that protect the brain and 14 facial bones that support the eyeballs and protect and support entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts.

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8
Q

What are the skull sutures?

A

They are immovable joints in the skull that firmly tie bones together. They are made of dense CT. There are four in total; corona (crown at the front), sagittal (down the middle), lambdoid (at the back connecting the occipital bone), and squamous (along the side connecting the temporal bone).

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9
Q

What are the eight cranial bones?

A

Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Parietal bones (2)
Temporal bones (2)
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

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10
Q

What is the frontal bone and where is it located?

A

Anterior surface of the cranium and upper eye sockets.
Contains frontal sinuses.
Marks: supraorbital foramen notch- for blood vessels of eyebrows, eyelids, and frontal sinuses.

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11
Q

What is the occipital bone and where is it located?

A

Posterior and inferior surfaces of the cranium.
Articulations:
- parietal bones
- temporal bones
- sphenoid bone
- first cervical vertebrae (atlas)

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12
Q

What are the marks of the occipital bone?

A

External occipital protuberance
External occipital crest:attach ligaments
Superior and inferior nuchal lines: attach ligaments
Occipital condyles: articulate with vertebral column
Occipital foramina:
- foramen magnum: connects cranial and spinal cavities
- jugular foramina: for jugular veins
- hypoglossal canals: for hypoglossal nerves

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13
Q

What are the parietal bones and where are they located?

A

Part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium.
Marks:
- superior and inferior temporal lines: temporal is muscle
- groves for cranial blood vessels (on the media, surface)

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14
Q

What are the temporal bones and where are they located?

A

Part of lateral surfaces of the cranium

2 portions:
- squamous part: borders the squamous suture
- petrous part: encloses structures of the inner ear

Functions:
- surround and protect inner ear
- attach muscles of jaws and head

Articulations: zygomatic, sphenoid, parietal, and occipital bones as well as mandible

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15
Q

What are the marks of the temporal bones?

A

Zygomatic process:
- inferior to the squamous part
- articulates with temporal process of zygoma
- forms zygomatic arch

Mastoid process:
- for muscle attachment
- contains air cells connected to middle ear

Styloid process:
- to attach tendons and ligaments of the hyoid bone, tongue, and pharynx

Mandibular fossa: articulates with the mandible

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16
Q

What are the foramina of the temporal bones?

A

External acoustic (auditory) canal:
- ends at tympanic membrane

Internal acoustic (auditory) canal:
- for blood vessels and nerves of the inner ear
- facial nerve (inlet)

Carotid canal:
- for internal carotid artery

Stylomastoid foramen:
- for facial nerve (exit)

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17
Q

What are the facial bones and how many?

A

There are nine superficial facial bones; 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic bones, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 nasal bones, and 1 mandible. There are five deep facial bones; 2 palatine bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae, and 1 vomer. This is a total of 14 facial bones.

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18
Q

What is the function of the maxillae?

A
  • form inferior orbital rim
  • form lateral margins of external nares
  • form upper jaw and hard palate
  • support upper teeth
  • contain maxillary sinuses (largest sinuses)
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19
Q

What is the articulations of the maxillae?

A
  • all facial bones on the same side! EXCEPT the mandible
  • other maxillary bone
  • frontal bone
  • ethmoid bone
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20
Q

What are the marks of the maxillary bones?

A

Alveolar processes
Palatine process:
- anterior part of the hard palate (roof of mouth)
Infraorbital foramen
Maxillary sinus

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21
Q

What are the palatine bones and what are the articulations?

A

Posterior portion of the hard palate
Contribute to the floors of the orbits
Articulations:
- other palatine bone
- maxilla
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- inferior nasal concha
- vomer

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22
Q

What are the nasal bones and what are the articulations?

A

Support the bridge of the nose 1
Connect to cartilages of the distal part of the nose (external nares) 2
Articulations:
- other nasal bone
- ethmoid
- frontal bone
- maxilla

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23
Q

What are the vomer and what are the articulations?

A

Inferior part of the bony nasal septum
Articulations:
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- palatine bone
- maxilla
- cartilaginous part of the nasal septum

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24
Q

What are the functions of the inferior nasal conchae and what are the articulations?

A

Functions:
- create air turbulence in the nasal cavity
- increase the epithelial surface area
- warm and humidify inhaled air

Articulations:
- ethmoid
- maxilla
- palatine bone
- lacrimal bone

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25
Q

What are the zygomatic bones and what are the marks on them?

A

They are also known as the cheekbones or malar bones.
They contribute to rum and lateral wall of the orbit.
Marks:
- temporal process: articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone and forms zygomatic arch.

26
Q

What are the lacrimal bones and what are the marks and articulations?

A

Smallest facial bones
Form part of medial wall of the orbit

Articulations:
- frontal bone
- maxillary bone
- ethmoid

Marks:
- lacrimal sulcus

27
Q

What is the mandible and what are the functions, articulations, and what does it consist of?

A

Largest and strongest facial bone

Function:
- forms the lower jaw
- holds the lower teeth

Articulations:
- mandibular fossae of temporal bones

Consists of:
- body: horizontal portion
- ramus: ascending from the mandibular angle

28
Q

What are the marks of the mandibular body?

A

Alveolar processes:
- support lower teeth
Mental protuberance:
- attaches facial muscles

29
Q

What are the marks of the mandibular ramus?

A

Condylar process:
- articulates with temporal bone at temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Coronoid process:
- insertion point for temporalis muscle (closes the jaws)

Mandibular notch:
- between condylar and coronoid processes

30
Q

What is the foramina of the mandible?

A

Mental foramen:
- lateral
- for sensory nerves of lips and chin

Mandibular foramen:
- medial
- entrance to the mandibular canal
- for blood vessels and nerves of lower teeth

31
Q

What is the orbital complex?

A

Forms the eye sockets (orbits).
Parts of seven cranial facial bones: frontal, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and palatine.

32
Q

What are the bones of the orbital complex?

A

Roof: frontal bone
Floor: maxillary bone
Medial wall: maxillary, lacrimal, and ethmoid bones
Lateral wall: zygomatic bone
Posterior wall: sphenoid and palatine bones

33
Q

What are the parts of the nasal complex?

A

Superior wall:
- frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
Lateral walls:
- maxillary, lacrimal, ethmoid, and inferior nasal conchae

Nasal bridge:
- maxillary and nasal bones

Nasal septum:
- Cartilaginous part: hyaline cartilage
- Bony part: ethmoid (superior part) and vomer (inferior part)

34
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Air filled cavities connected to the nasal cavities
Functions:
- decrease the weight of the skull
- mucus membrane lining protects entrances of the respiratory system

35
Q

What are the parts of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Maxillary
Frontal
Sphenoidal
Ethmoidal

36
Q

What is different about an infant skull?

A

Large compared to the body
Grows rapidly
Has many ossification centers
Fusion is not complete at birth

37
Q

What are the fontanels?

A

Areas of fibrous connective tissue (soft spots)

Cover unfused sutures in the infant skull

Allow the skull to flex during birth

4 fontanelles (fontanels)

Anterior fontanel:
- Frontal (metopic), sagittal, and coronal sutures

Posterior (Occipital) fontanel:
- lambdoid and sagittal sutures

Sphenoidal fontanels:
- squamous and coronal sutures

Mastoid fontanels:
- squamous and lambdoid sutures

38
Q

What are the bones associated with the skull?

A

There are seven total bones associated with the skull:
Auditory ossicles:
- malleus
- incus
- stapes

Hyoid bone:
- supports the larynx
- attaches muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue
- medicolegal value

39
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

Protects the spinal cord
Supports the head and body
26 bones:
- 24 vertebrae
- sacrum
- coccyx

40
Q

What are the regions of the vertebral column?

A

7 Cervical (C)
12 Thoracic (T)
5 Lumbar (L)
1 Sacral (S)
1 Coccygeal (Co)

Vertebrae are numbered:
- by region, from top to bottom

Articulation:
- articulate with each other
- C1 articulates with skull
- L5 with sacrum
- sacrum articulates with the coccyx

Vertebrae of each region:
- have characteristics determined by functions

41
Q

What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Primary curves:
- thoracic and sacral curves: present during fetal development and accommodation curves (accommodate internal organs)

Secondary curves:
cervical and lumbar curves: develop after birth and compensation curves (shift body weight for upright posture)

42
Q

What is the structure of a vertebra?

A

Vertebral body (centrum):
- transfers weight along the spine

Vertebral arch:
- posterior margin of vertebral foramen
- consists of: pedicles (walls), laminae (roof), spinous process, and transverse process

43
Q

What are the articulations process of a vertebra?

A

Lateral projections between laminae and pedicles
Include:
- superior articular process
- inferior articular process

44
Q

What are the foramina of the vertebrae?

A

Vertebral foramen:
- foramina form vertebral canal: encloses the spinal cord

Intervertebral foramina:
- gaps between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae
- for nerve connections to spinal cord

45
Q

What are the intervertebral discs?

A

Pads of fibrocartilage
Separate vertebral bodies
Absorb shocks

46
Q

What are the characteristics of cervical vertebrae?

A

Small body (support only head)

Large vertebral foramen (largest part of spinal cord)

Concave superior surface

Spinous process:
- short
- notched (bifid) tip
- C1 (atlas) has no spinous process

Transverse processes:
- are fused to costal processes
- create transverse foramina (protect arteries and veins)

47
Q

What is the Atlas? (C1)

A

Articulates with occiptal condyles of skull
Has no body or spinous process
Has a large, round foramen within anterior and posterior arches

48
Q

What is the axis? (C2)

A

Supports the atlas
Has heavy spinous process (to attach head and neck muscles)
Dens:
- tooth like process projects from the axis body
- articulates with the atlas  atlantoaxial joint

49
Q

What is the vertebra prominens? (C7)

A

Transition to thoracic vertebrae
Has a long spinous process with a broad tubercle
Has large transverse processes
Ligamentum nuchae (elastic ligament):
- extends from occipital protuberance to C7 spine

50
Q

What are the characteristics of the sacrum?

A

Curved (more in males than in females)
Protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive (pelvic) organs
Articulates with hipbones, L5, and coccyx
Attaches broad muscles that move the thigh
Adult sacrum:
- consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae
- fuses between puberty and ages 25–30
- leaving transverse lines

51
Q

What are the marks of the sacrum?

A

Sacral canal: replaces the vertebral canal

Sacral hiatus: opening at the inferior end of the sacral canal formed by ridges of sacral cornua

Sacral tuberosity: attaches ligaments of the sacroiliac joint

Sacral promontory: at the center of the base

Median sacral crest: rudimentary spinous processes

Sacral foramina: 4 on each side and for sacral nerves & arteries

52
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

Attaches ligaments and a constricting muscle of the anus.

Mature coccyx: consists of 3 to 5 fused coccygeal vertebrae

First 2 coccygeal vertebrae: have transverse processes and have unfused vertebral arches

Coccygeal cornua: formed by laminae of 1st coccygeal vertebra

53
Q

What is the thoracic cage?

A

Protects the thoracic cavity

Consisting of 25 bones and 12 T vert.

Attaches muscles of: respiration, vertebral column, pectoral girdle, and upper limbs

Consists of:
24 ribs (costae)
sternum (breastbone)
thoracic vertebrae

54
Q

What are the ribs?

A

12 pairs of flat and curved bones
Extend from the thoracic vertebrae
Flexible and mobile

55
Q

What is the structure of the ribs?

A

Head (capitulum):
- at the vertebral end of the rib
- has superior1 and inferior2 articular facets

Neck:
- short area between the head and the tubercle

Tubercle (tuberculum):
- small dorsal elevation
- has an articular facet that contacts the facet of its thoracic vertebra (at T1–T10 only)

Shaft (body):
- attaches muscles of the pectoral girdle and trunk
- attaches to the intercostal muscles which move the ribs

56
Q

What are the functions of the ribs?

A

Absorb shocks

Breathing: rib movements affect width and depth of thoracic cage and changing its volume during respiration

57
Q

What are the types of ribs?

A

True ribs (ribs 1–7): vertebrosternal ribs and attach directly to sternum by costal cartilages

False ribs (ribs 8–12): do not attach directly to the sternum
2 types:
- vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10): fuse together and merge with cartilage before reaching the sternum
- floating or vertebral ribs (ribs 11–12): connect only to the vertebrae and have no connection with the sternum

58
Q

What is the sternum?

A

Flat bone
In the midline of the thoracic wall
3 parts:
manubrium
body
xiphoid process

59
Q

What is the manubrium?

A

Superior portion of sternum
Broad, triangular shape
Articulates with: clavicles and cartilages of 1st rib pair
Has a jugular (suprasternal) notch between clavicular articulations

60
Q

What is the strenal body?

A

Tongue-shaped
Articulates with: costal cartilages of ribs 2–7
Sternal angle: anterior angle at the junction of manubrium and body

61
Q

What is the xiphoid process?

A

Smallest part of the sternum
Attaches to:diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscle
Last part of sternum to fuse
Can easily be broken

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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