Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many bones are in axial skeleton?

A

80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

It forms the longitude axis of the body. From the skull down to the coccyx. This excludes the arms. Some call core of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functions of the axial skeleton?

A

It supports and protects organs in the body cavity. It attaches to the muscles of the head, neck, trunk, and appendicular skeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the main bones of the axial skeleton?

A

Skull and associated bones
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some specific bones in the axial skeleton?

A

Skull and Associated Bones:
The skull includes the cranium and facial bones.
The associated bones include the auditory bones and the hyoid bones.

Thoracic Cage:
Sternum
Ribs

Vertebral Column:
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What bones is the skull made of and how many are there?

A

The skull and 22 bones and 7 associated bones, totalling 29 bones. Of the skull bones there are 8 cranial bones that protect the brain and 14 facial bones that support the eyeballs and protect and support entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the skull sutures?

A

They are immovable joints in the skull that firmly tie bones together. They are made of dense CT. There are four in total; corona (crown at the front), sagittal (down the middle), lambdoid (at the back connecting the occipital bone), and squamous (along the side connecting the temporal bone).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the eight cranial bones?

A

Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Parietal bones (2)
Temporal bones (2)
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the frontal bone and where is it located?

A

Anterior surface of the cranium and upper eye sockets.
Contains frontal sinuses.
Marks: supraorbital foramen notch- for blood vessels of eyebrows, eyelids, and frontal sinuses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the occipital bone and where is it located?

A

Posterior and inferior surfaces of the cranium.
Articulations:
- parietal bones
- temporal bones
- sphenoid bone
- first cervical vertebrae (atlas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the marks of the occipital bone?

A

External occipital protuberance
External occipital crest:attach ligaments
Superior and inferior nuchal lines: attach ligaments
Occipital condyles: articulate with vertebral column
Occipital foramina:
- foramen magnum: connects cranial and spinal cavities
- jugular foramina: for jugular veins
- hypoglossal canals: for hypoglossal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the parietal bones and where are they located?

A

Part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium.
Marks:
- superior and inferior temporal lines: temporal is muscle
- groves for cranial blood vessels (on the media, surface)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the temporal bones and where are they located?

A

Part of lateral surfaces of the cranium

2 portions:
- squamous part: borders the squamous suture
- petrous part: encloses structures of the inner ear

Functions:
- surround and protect inner ear
- attach muscles of jaws and head

Articulations: zygomatic, sphenoid, parietal, and occipital bones as well as mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the marks of the temporal bones?

A

Zygomatic process:
- inferior to the squamous part
- articulates with temporal process of zygoma
- forms zygomatic arch

Mastoid process:
- for muscle attachment
- contains air cells connected to middle ear

Styloid process:
- to attach tendons and ligaments of the hyoid bone, tongue, and pharynx

Mandibular fossa: articulates with the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the foramina of the temporal bones?

A

External acoustic (auditory) canal:
- ends at tympanic membrane

Internal acoustic (auditory) canal:
- for blood vessels and nerves of the inner ear
- facial nerve (inlet)

Carotid canal:
- for internal carotid artery

Stylomastoid foramen:
- for facial nerve (exit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the facial bones and how many?

A

There are nine superficial facial bones; 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic bones, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 nasal bones, and 1 mandible. There are five deep facial bones; 2 palatine bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae, and 1 vomer. This is a total of 14 facial bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of the maxillae?

A
  • form inferior orbital rim
  • form lateral margins of external nares
  • form upper jaw and hard palate
  • support upper teeth
  • contain maxillary sinuses (largest sinuses)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the articulations of the maxillae?

A
  • all facial bones on the same side! EXCEPT the mandible
  • other maxillary bone
  • frontal bone
  • ethmoid bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the marks of the maxillary bones?

A

Alveolar processes
Palatine process:
- anterior part of the hard palate (roof of mouth)
Infraorbital foramen
Maxillary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the palatine bones and what are the articulations?

A

Posterior portion of the hard palate
Contribute to the floors of the orbits
Articulations:
- other palatine bone
- maxilla
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- inferior nasal concha
- vomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the nasal bones and what are the articulations?

A

Support the bridge of the nose 1
Connect to cartilages of the distal part of the nose (external nares) 2
Articulations:
- other nasal bone
- ethmoid
- frontal bone
- maxilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the vomer and what are the articulations?

A

Inferior part of the bony nasal septum
Articulations:
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- palatine bone
- maxilla
- cartilaginous part of the nasal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the functions of the inferior nasal conchae and what are the articulations?

A

Functions:
- create air turbulence in the nasal cavity
- increase the epithelial surface area
- warm and humidify inhaled air

Articulations:
- ethmoid
- maxilla
- palatine bone
- lacrimal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the zygomatic bones and what are the marks on them?

A

They are also known as the cheekbones or malar bones.
They contribute to rum and lateral wall of the orbit.
Marks:
- temporal process: articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone and forms zygomatic arch.

26
Q

What are the lacrimal bones and what are the marks and articulations?

A

Smallest facial bones
Form part of medial wall of the orbit

Articulations:
- frontal bone
- maxillary bone
- ethmoid

Marks:
- lacrimal sulcus

27
Q

What is the mandible and what are the functions, articulations, and what does it consist of?

A

Largest and strongest facial bone

Function:
- forms the lower jaw
- holds the lower teeth

Articulations:
- mandibular fossae of temporal bones

Consists of:
- body: horizontal portion
- ramus: ascending from the mandibular angle

28
Q

What are the marks of the mandibular body?

A

Alveolar processes:
- support lower teeth
Mental protuberance:
- attaches facial muscles

29
Q

What are the marks of the mandibular ramus?

A

Condylar process:
- articulates with temporal bone at temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Coronoid process:
- insertion point for temporalis muscle (closes the jaws)

Mandibular notch:
- between condylar and coronoid processes

30
Q

What is the foramina of the mandible?

A

Mental foramen:
- lateral
- for sensory nerves of lips and chin

Mandibular foramen:
- medial
- entrance to the mandibular canal
- for blood vessels and nerves of lower teeth

31
Q

What is the orbital complex?

A

Forms the eye sockets (orbits).
Parts of seven cranial facial bones: frontal, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and palatine.

32
Q

What are the bones of the orbital complex?

A

Roof: frontal bone
Floor: maxillary bone
Medial wall: maxillary, lacrimal, and ethmoid bones
Lateral wall: zygomatic bone
Posterior wall: sphenoid and palatine bones

33
Q

What are the parts of the nasal complex?

A

Superior wall:
- frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
Lateral walls:
- maxillary, lacrimal, ethmoid, and inferior nasal conchae

Nasal bridge:
- maxillary and nasal bones

Nasal septum:
- Cartilaginous part: hyaline cartilage
- Bony part: ethmoid (superior part) and vomer (inferior part)

34
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Air filled cavities connected to the nasal cavities
Functions:
- decrease the weight of the skull
- mucus membrane lining protects entrances of the respiratory system

35
Q

What are the parts of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Maxillary
Frontal
Sphenoidal
Ethmoidal

36
Q

What is different about an infant skull?

A

Large compared to the body
Grows rapidly
Has many ossification centers
Fusion is not complete at birth

37
Q

What are the fontanels?

A

Areas of fibrous connective tissue (soft spots)

Cover unfused sutures in the infant skull

Allow the skull to flex during birth

4 fontanelles (fontanels)

Anterior fontanel:
- Frontal (metopic), sagittal, and coronal sutures

Posterior (Occipital) fontanel:
- lambdoid and sagittal sutures

Sphenoidal fontanels:
- squamous and coronal sutures

Mastoid fontanels:
- squamous and lambdoid sutures

38
Q

What are the bones associated with the skull?

A

There are seven total bones associated with the skull:
Auditory ossicles:
- malleus
- incus
- stapes

Hyoid bone:
- supports the larynx
- attaches muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue
- medicolegal value

39
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

Protects the spinal cord
Supports the head and body
26 bones:
- 24 vertebrae
- sacrum
- coccyx

40
Q

What are the regions of the vertebral column?

A

7 Cervical (C)
12 Thoracic (T)
5 Lumbar (L)
1 Sacral (S)
1 Coccygeal (Co)

Vertebrae are numbered:
- by region, from top to bottom

Articulation:
- articulate with each other
- C1 articulates with skull
- L5 with sacrum
- sacrum articulates with the coccyx

Vertebrae of each region:
- have characteristics determined by functions

41
Q

What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Primary curves:
- thoracic and sacral curves: present during fetal development and accommodation curves (accommodate internal organs)

Secondary curves:
cervical and lumbar curves: develop after birth and compensation curves (shift body weight for upright posture)

42
Q

What is the structure of a vertebra?

A

Vertebral body (centrum):
- transfers weight along the spine

Vertebral arch:
- posterior margin of vertebral foramen
- consists of: pedicles (walls), laminae (roof), spinous process, and transverse process

43
Q

What are the articulations process of a vertebra?

A

Lateral projections between laminae and pedicles
Include:
- superior articular process
- inferior articular process

44
Q

What are the foramina of the vertebrae?

A

Vertebral foramen:
- foramina form vertebral canal: encloses the spinal cord

Intervertebral foramina:
- gaps between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae
- for nerve connections to spinal cord

45
Q

What are the intervertebral discs?

A

Pads of fibrocartilage
Separate vertebral bodies
Absorb shocks

46
Q

What are the characteristics of cervical vertebrae?

A

Small body (support only head)

Large vertebral foramen (largest part of spinal cord)

Concave superior surface

Spinous process:
- short
- notched (bifid) tip
- C1 (atlas) has no spinous process

Transverse processes:
- are fused to costal processes
- create transverse foramina (protect arteries and veins)

47
Q

What is the Atlas? (C1)

A

Articulates with occiptal condyles of skull
Has no body or spinous process
Has a large, round foramen within anterior and posterior arches

48
Q

What is the axis? (C2)

A

Supports the atlas
Has heavy spinous process (to attach head and neck muscles)
Dens:
- tooth like process projects from the axis body
- articulates with the atlas  atlantoaxial joint

49
Q

What is the vertebra prominens? (C7)

A

Transition to thoracic vertebrae
Has a long spinous process with a broad tubercle
Has large transverse processes
Ligamentum nuchae (elastic ligament):
- extends from occipital protuberance to C7 spine

50
Q

What are the characteristics of the sacrum?

A

Curved (more in males than in females)
Protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive (pelvic) organs
Articulates with hipbones, L5, and coccyx
Attaches broad muscles that move the thigh
Adult sacrum:
- consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae
- fuses between puberty and ages 25–30
- leaving transverse lines

51
Q

What are the marks of the sacrum?

A

Sacral canal: replaces the vertebral canal

Sacral hiatus: opening at the inferior end of the sacral canal formed by ridges of sacral cornua

Sacral tuberosity: attaches ligaments of the sacroiliac joint

Sacral promontory: at the center of the base

Median sacral crest: rudimentary spinous processes

Sacral foramina: 4 on each side and for sacral nerves & arteries

52
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

Attaches ligaments and a constricting muscle of the anus.

Mature coccyx: consists of 3 to 5 fused coccygeal vertebrae

First 2 coccygeal vertebrae: have transverse processes and have unfused vertebral arches

Coccygeal cornua: formed by laminae of 1st coccygeal vertebra

53
Q

What is the thoracic cage?

A

Protects the thoracic cavity

Consisting of 25 bones and 12 T vert.

Attaches muscles of: respiration, vertebral column, pectoral girdle, and upper limbs

Consists of:
24 ribs (costae)
sternum (breastbone)
thoracic vertebrae

54
Q

What are the ribs?

A

12 pairs of flat and curved bones
Extend from the thoracic vertebrae
Flexible and mobile

55
Q

What is the structure of the ribs?

A

Head (capitulum):
- at the vertebral end of the rib
- has superior1 and inferior2 articular facets

Neck:
- short area between the head and the tubercle

Tubercle (tuberculum):
- small dorsal elevation
- has an articular facet that contacts the facet of its thoracic vertebra (at T1–T10 only)

Shaft (body):
- attaches muscles of the pectoral girdle and trunk
- attaches to the intercostal muscles which move the ribs

56
Q

What are the functions of the ribs?

A

Absorb shocks

Breathing: rib movements affect width and depth of thoracic cage and changing its volume during respiration

57
Q

What are the types of ribs?

A

True ribs (ribs 1–7): vertebrosternal ribs and attach directly to sternum by costal cartilages

False ribs (ribs 8–12): do not attach directly to the sternum
2 types:
- vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10): fuse together and merge with cartilage before reaching the sternum
- floating or vertebral ribs (ribs 11–12): connect only to the vertebrae and have no connection with the sternum

58
Q

What is the sternum?

A

Flat bone
In the midline of the thoracic wall
3 parts:
manubrium
body
xiphoid process

59
Q

What is the manubrium?

A

Superior portion of sternum
Broad, triangular shape
Articulates with: clavicles and cartilages of 1st rib pair
Has a jugular (suprasternal) notch between clavicular articulations

60
Q

What is the strenal body?

A

Tongue-shaped
Articulates with: costal cartilages of ribs 2–7
Sternal angle: anterior angle at the junction of manubrium and body

61
Q

What is the xiphoid process?

A

Smallest part of the sternum
Attaches to:diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscle
Last part of sternum to fuse
Can easily be broken

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions