Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
What is anatomy?
Study of structures of the body.
What is physiology?
Study of functions of body structures.
What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
All specific physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures.
What is macroscopic (gross) anatomy?
Examines large, visible structures.
What is microscopic anatomy?
Examines cells and molecules.
What is surface anatomy?
Exterior features.
What is regional anatomy?
Body areas.
What is systemic anatomy?
Groups of organs working together.
What is developmental anatomy (embryology)?
From embryo to maturity.
What is clinical anatomy?
Medical, radiological, and surgical specialties.
What is histology?
Tissues and their structures.
What is cytology?
Cells and their structures.
What is cell physiology?
Processes within and between cells.
What is special physiology?
Functions of specific organs.
What is systemic physiology?
Functions of an organ systems.
What is pathological physiology (pathophysiology)?
Effects of diseases.
What is the organization of living organisms?
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
What are the levels of organization?
Chemical level (Protein molecules)
Organelle level (protein filaments)
Cellular level (muscle cells)
Tissue level (cardiac tissue)
Organ level
Organ system (cardiovascular system)
What is homeostasis?
The process of maintaining a stable internal environment within the body.
Normal range rather than a fixed level.
Failure to function within a normal range- diseases
What are the mechanisms of homeostatic regulation?
Intrinsic regulation (auto regulation): automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ.
Extrinsic regulation: response is controlled by the nervous system and endocrine system.
What are the parts of regulatory mechanism?
Receptor: receives the stimulus.
Center: processes the signal and sends instructions.
Effector: carries out instructions.
What is negative feedback?
Stimulus decrease response.
Examples:
Body temp.
Blood glucose
Calcium regulation
What is positive feedback?
The stimulus increases the response.
Example:
Blood clotting
Oxytocin during labour
What is superficial anatomy terms?
Positions
Landmarks
Regions
What is sectional anatomy?
Slice through to view the inside of the body.
What is anatomical position?
Standing erect, face forward, arms at the sides, palms and toes directed forward.
What is supine?
Lying down, face up
What is prone?
Lying down, face down
What is a plane and section?
Plane: an axis though a 3D object
Section: a slice along a plane
What is the sagittal plane?
Divides the body into right and left portions.
What is the frontal plane?
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
What is the transverse plane?
Divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
What is the ventral cavity?
Divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity (abdominal and pelvic).
What are the other cavities?
Cranial cavity- brain
Vertebral canal- spinal cord
What is the serous membranes?
Consists of parietal layer and visceral layer.
