skeltal system

Question 1

how does growth occur in long bones ?

Answer 1

-epiphyseal plates at the end of each bone allows the bones to grow longer
-this continues throughout childhood until they reach full maturity.
-once a long bone is fully formed the head fuses with the main shaft creating the epiphyseal line

Question 2

what is the role of the intervertebral discs?

Answer 2

provide shock and absorbance during sport. speedsters the spine.

Question 3

characteristics + causes of kyphosis

Answer 3

-excessive outward curve of the thoracic region of the spine
- often caused by poor posture but can be caused by deformities of the vertebrae

Question 4

function and example of
flat bones

Answer 4

to protect internal organs + attachment for muscles
e.g sternum and cranium

Question 5

functions of synovial fluid

Answer 5

-provides lubrication for the joints
-nourishes the cartilage
-reduces friction between the bones
-used as a shock absorber
-increases range of movement of a joint

Question 6

describe the process of bone growth

Answer 6

-bones start as cartilage they harden through ossification
-osteoblasts form new bone
-osteoclasts absorb debris and break down old bone
-epiphyseal plates (growth plates) are the site of bone growth and seal off once the bone is fully developed

Question 7

why is resistance training not appropriate for children

Answer 7

• their bones are still developing
• resistance training can damage growth of the bones.
• epiphyseal plates would be damaged which can cause stunted growth

Question 8

how does weight bearing exercises help reduce osteoporosis?

Answer 8

-weight bearing exercises increase the take up of minerals in the bone
-increases bone density
-reduces rate of bone loss
-this strengthens the bones making osteoporosis less likely
-speeds up process of bone growth allows bones to take up more calcium

Question 9

how are the bones of the skeleton used in movement for sport?

Answer 9

-bones allow muscle attachment which is required so muscles can pull on bones only to create movement

Question 10

scoliosis characteristics+causes

Answer 10

-abnormal curvature of the spine laterally
-often found in children
-not linked to bad posture, unknown causes seems to be inheritance

Question 11

3 functions of the skeletal skystem

Answer 11

-protection of the vital organ
-maintains posture
-movement

Question 12

5 sections of vertebrae

Answer 12

1. cervical spine
2. thoracic spine
3. lumbar spine
4. sacrum
5. coccyx

(cucumber tastes like sour cream)

Question 13

anterior and posterior meaning

Answer 13

anterior- front of the body
posterior - to the rear/behind

Question 14

medial and lateral meaning

Answer 14

medial-towards middle
lateral-away from the middle

Question 15

proximal and distal meaning

Answer 15

proximal-near the root or origin
distal- away from root or origin

Question 16

superior and inferior meaning

Answer 16

superior-above
inferior- below

Question 17

function and example of a long bone

Answer 17

-leverage, supports blood cell production
e.g humerus, femur

Question 18

function and example of a short bone

Answer 18

-weight bearing and stability
e.g carpals tarsals

Question 19

function and example of irregular bones

Answer 19

-protection and movement
e.g vertebrae

Question 20

function and example of seasamoid bones

Answer 20

-protection, reduces friction across a joint
e.g patella

Question 21

what is ossification?

Answer 21

parts of the bone are absorbed so unecessary calcium is removed and new layers of bone tissue are created

Question 22

what is a synovial joint?

Answer 22

-freely moveable joints
-highest level of mobility at a joint
-have a synovial cavity surrounded by a fibrous capsule lined with a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid.

Question 23

what is a fibrous joint

Answer 23

-fixed or immovable joint
-formed when bones interlock and overlap during early childhood
-held together with tough fibrous tissue
-strong and no movement between bones
e.g cranium to protect brain

Question 24

role of bursa in a synovial joint

Answer 24

-small fluid filled sac
-provides cushion between tendons and bones
-prevents friction
-filled with synovial fluid

Question 25

ball and socket joint

Answer 25

movement only happens in any direction
e.g shoulder

Question 26

hinge joint

Answer 26

only allows movement in one direction only (back+forth)
e.g knee

Question 27

pivot joint

Answer 27

allows controlled rotational movement
e.g head

Question 28

saddle joint

Answer 28

-occurs backwards forward and side to side
e.g fingers

Question 29

cartilaginous joint

Answer 29

slightly moveable joint
vertebrae

Question 30

additional factors affecting skeletal system

Answer 30

-arthritis: inflammation of synovial joints causing pain and stiffness caused by general wear and tear
reduces amount of cartilage tissue
osteoporosis: chronic bone adaption, reduction in minerals causes them to be more brittle
age: weight bearing older bones lose density and strength
-postural deviations

Question 31

how does regular exercise help skeletal system

Answer 31

stronger bones: increased bone mineral density leaving them resistant to forces in sport
increased flexibility: ligaments stretch when exercising

Question 32

responses or skeletal system to exercise

Answer 32

synovial joint: joints become more lubrication and fluid becomes less viscous. fluid secretion nourishes cartilage causing an increased range of movement.
increased mineral uptake retention in bone. osteoclast activity is reduced

Question 33

adaptations of skeletal system

Answer 33

-minerals accumulate in bone which increases bone density and strength, bones become more resistant to external forces LESS LIKELY TO GET OSTEOPOROSIS
-increases ligament strength and increases joint stability and pliability means joints are at lower risk of damage

Question 34

3 classifications of joints

Answer 34

fixed fibrous
slightly moveable cartilaginous
synovial- freely moveable