skeltal system Flashcards
how does growth occur in long bones ?
-epiphyseal plates at the end of each bone allows the bones to grow longer
-this continues throughout childhood until they reach full maturity.
-once a long bone is fully formed the head fuses with the main shaft creating the epiphyseal line
what is the role of the intervertebral discs?
provide shock and absorbance during sport. speedsters the spine.
characteristics + causes of kyphosis
-excessive outward curve of the thoracic region of the spine
- often caused by poor posture but can be caused by deformities of the vertebrae
function and example of
flat bones
to protect internal organs + attachment for muscles
e.g sternum and cranium
functions of synovial fluid
-provides lubrication for the joints
-nourishes the cartilage
-reduces friction between the bones
-used as a shock absorber
-increases range of movement of a joint
describe the process of bone growth
-bones start as cartilage they harden through ossification
-osteoblasts form new bone
-osteoclasts absorb debris and break down old bone
-epiphyseal plates (growth plates) are the site of bone growth and seal off once the bone is fully developed
why is resistance training not appropriate for children
- their bones are still developing
- resistance training can damage growth of the bones.
- epiphyseal plates would be damaged which can cause stunted growth
how does weight bearing exercises help reduce osteoporosis?
-weight bearing exercises increase the take up of minerals in the bone
-increases bone density
-reduces rate of bone loss
-this strengthens the bones making osteoporosis less likely
-speeds up process of bone growth allows bones to take up more calcium
how are the bones of the skeleton used in movement for sport?
-bones allow muscle attachment which is required so muscles can pull on bones only to create movement
scoliosis characteristics+causes
-abnormal curvature of the spine laterally
-often found in children
-not linked to bad posture, unknown causes seems to be inheritance
3 functions of the skeletal skystem
-protection of the vital organ
-maintains posture
-movement
5 sections of vertebrae
- cervical spine
- thoracic spine
- lumbar spine
- sacrum
- coccyx
(cucumber tastes like sour cream)
anterior and posterior meaning
anterior- front of the body
posterior - to the rear/behind
medial and lateral meaning
medial-towards middle
lateral-away from the middle
proximal and distal meaning
proximal-near the root or origin
distal- away from root or origin
superior and inferior meaning
superior-above
inferior- below
function and example of a long bone
-leverage, supports blood cell production
e.g humerus, femur
function and example of a short bone
-weight bearing and stability
e.g carpals tarsals
function and example of irregular bones
-protection and movement
e.g vertebrae
function and example of seasamoid bones
-protection, reduces friction across a joint
e.g patella
what is ossification?
parts of the bone are absorbed so unecessary calcium is removed and new layers of bone tissue are created
what is a synovial joint?
-freely moveable joints
-highest level of mobility at a joint
-have a synovial cavity surrounded by a fibrous capsule lined with a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid.
what is a fibrous joint
-fixed or immovable joint
-formed when bones interlock and overlap during early childhood
-held together with tough fibrous tissue
-strong and no movement between bones
e.g cranium to protect brain
role of bursa in a synovial joint
-small fluid filled sac
-provides cushion between tendons and bones
-prevents friction
-filled with synovial fluid
ball and socket joint
movement only happens in any direction
e.g shoulder
hinge joint
only allows movement in one direction only (back+forth)
e.g knee
pivot joint
allows controlled rotational movement
e.g head
saddle joint
-occurs backwards forward and side to side
e.g fingers
cartilaginous joint
slightly moveable joint
vertebrae
additional factors affecting skeletal system
-arthritis: inflammation of synovial joints causing pain and stiffness caused by general wear and tear
reduces amount of cartilage tissue
osteoporosis: chronic bone adaption, reduction in minerals causes them to be more brittle
age: weight bearing older bones lose density and strength
-postural deviations
how does regular exercise help skeletal system
stronger bones: increased bone mineral density leaving them resistant to forces in sport
increased flexibility: ligaments stretch when exercising
responses or skeletal system to exercise
synovial joint: joints become more lubrication and fluid becomes less viscous. fluid secretion nourishes cartilage causing an increased range of movement.
increased mineral uptake retention in bone. osteoclast activity is reduced
adaptations of skeletal system
-minerals accumulate in bone which increases bone density and strength, bones become more resistant to external forces LESS LIKELY TO GET OSTEOPOROSIS
-increases ligament strength and increases joint stability and pliability means joints are at lower risk of damage
3 classifications of joints
fixed fibrous
slightly moveable cartilaginous
synovial- freely moveable
