respiratory system Flashcards
state the meaning of the term ‘residual volume’
the air that always remains in the lungs after maximum expiration
explain effects of increased tidal volume on a sport performance.
increased tidal volume means
- more carbon dioxide leaves the body and more oxygen is taken in
-this maintains intensity and delays fatigue
-can work for a longer period of time
-breathing rate will also be faster due to muscles increased need for oxygen.
how does the medulla oblongata increase breathing rate?
-medulla oblongata increases the frequency of signals to the respiratory muscles
-respiratory muscles contract at a faster rate
how does asthma affect breathing?
-asthma causes increase in breathing rate and a decrease in tidal volume
- because bands of tissue around the airways are constricted/ narrowed
-this causes shortness of breath and restricted airflow as air can’t move freely in and out the body
describe the mechanism of breathing for expiration at rest
-diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
-allows rib cage to move downward
-volume of thoracic cavity decreases
-lung air pressure increases above atmospheric pressure
-so air is forced out the lungs
describe the mechanism of breathing for inspiration
-intercostal muscles contract causing ribs to move upwards
-increasing the volume of thoracic cavity
-diaphragm flattens
-because of the increase in space, air rushes to the lungs
- greater decrease in pressure
how does capillaries aid the process of gaseous exchange
-network of capillaries provide a large surface area
-made of semi permeable membranes making it easier for diffusion
-one cell thick, shorter distance for o2 and co2 to diffuse. oxygen can easily pass into blood stream.
tidal volume definition
volume of air breathed in and out each breath
vital capacity definition
amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after maximal inspiration.
long term adaptations on the respiratory system
-increased strength of respiratory muscles
-increased vital capacity
-increase in oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion rate
respiratory tract
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, epiglottis, lungs, bronchi bronchioles alveoli
what is pulmonary ventilation
process of drawing air into the body from outside and returning bodily air into atmosphere
inspiration during exercise
-additional muscles and the intercostals and diaphragm contract more forcefully
- causes more air to rush in at a faster rate
-depth and rate of breathing increase
expiration in exercise
-internal intercostals and abdominal muscles contract
-actively pulls the rib cage down more forcefully
-more air is forced out at a faster rate
-depth and rate of breathing increase
responses of the respiratory system
-tidal volume increases due to rising demands for oxygen
breathing rate increases as a result of adrenaline causes anticipatory rise
adaptations of respiratory system
-increased vital capacity: allows greater volume of air to fit into lungs+more co2 can be expired
-hyper trophy of respiratory muscles leads to more forceful contractions
-higher diffusion rate: new capillaries and alveoli
why does tidal volume increase during exercise
-increases due to rising demand for oxygen
-more forceful contractions allow A performer to utilise respiratory and exorcist reserve volumes
-this ensures more oxygen is taken into the body each breath
what is inspiration residual volume
-amount of additional air that can be breathed after normal expiration
expiratory reserve volume
amount of additional air that can be breathed out after normal inspiration
how does altitude affect breathing?
-air pressure is lower and oxygen particles are further apart
-lungs work harder
-cause dizziness, headaches, shortness of breath
-body will produce more red bold cells enabling lungs to work better
chemical and neural control of respiratory system
-exercise commences
-co2 levels increase
-chemoreceptors detect drop in ph
-message sent to medulla oblongata
-neural signal sent to diaphragm and intercostals (respiratory muscles)
-breathing rate increases in speed and depth
what is gaseous exchange
-occurs between alveoli ans capillaries
-where oxygen is diffused into blood from alveoli
-carbon dioxide is diffused from blood into alveoli
-gases move from area of high pressure to low pressure across semi permeable membrane of alveoli and capillaries
-oxygen attached to hemaglobin and carbon dioxide is extracted from blood plasma
