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SCIENCE B5 > Skeletons > Flashcards

Skeletons Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What types of skeleton can animals have

A

Internal
Extenal
No skeleton

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2
Q

Describe internal skeletons made from bone and cartilage

A

Framework and shape for body
Grow with body
Easy to attach muscles to
Joints to allow flexibility

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3
Q

Where does the human body have lots of cartilage

A

Outer ear
Nose
Ends of long bones

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4
Q

What is the human internal skeleton mainly made from

A

Bone and cartilage - living tissues

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5
Q

Describe internal skeletons made only from cartilage

A

Eg. Sharks
Light and flexible
Not rigid enough for animal to live on land

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6
Q

Describe exoskeletons

A

Eg. Insects 🐞
Hard, heavy and inflexible
Made of chitin

Some organisms have soft bodies eg. Worms

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7
Q

Describe long bones

A

Hollow shaft containing bone marrow and blood vessels
Lighter, stronger than other bones
Head of bone covered in hard but slippery cartilage to lubricate movement against other bones

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8
Q

Describe the process of foetus bones changing to hard bone

A

This is called ossification
Bones in foetus are made from soft flexible cartilage
During growth, the cartilage is replaced by calcium and phosphorus salts making bone hard

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9
Q

What is the difference between children and adults bones

A

Children have a high percentage of cartilage in their bones
Adults have stopped growing and only have cartilage on ends of bones to protect them

The proportion of cartilage to bone can be used to measure growth

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10
Q

Simple fracture

A

Bone breaks cleanly

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11
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Bone does not break completely

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12
Q

Compound fracture

A

Broken bone breaks through muscle and skin

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13
Q

Describe osteoporosis and issues with it

A

As people age, bones get softer and more brittle (osteoporosis)
So bones can break easier

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14
Q

Joint

A

Two or more bones meet

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15
Q

Muscles

A

Contract to make bones move💪🏼

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16
Q

How are muscles attached to bone

A

Tendons

17
Q

Fixed joints

A

Found in skull

Bony plates fused together

18
Q

What are the categories of synovial joints

A

Hinge joints- bend in one direction only eg, knee

Ball and socket joints- rotation eg, shoulder

19
Q

Describe what can happen to cartilage and bone if damaged and how this is solved

A

Cartilage and bone are LIVING TISSUES meaning they can become infected if damaged
However they can grow and repair themselves

20
Q

Why shouldn’t you move someone with a fracture

A

It could make the injury worse

21
Q

Describe how arm moves with antagonistic muscles

A

BEND ARM- Biceps contract pulling on radius, triceps relax

STRAIGHTEN ARM- triceps contract pulling on ulna, biceps relax

22
Q

In the bending and straightening of the arm:

what does the elbow joint act as

A

The fulcrum

23
Q

In the bending and straightening of the arm:

Where is the bicep muscle attached
Describe force of the contraction

A

Bicep is attached close to the elbow and contracts at a short distance.
Force of contraction required is very high

24
Q

In the bending and straightening of the arm what does the radius act as

What is this arrangement called

A

A lever

A distance multiplier, hand moves at greater distance than the muscles

25
Q

Why is a distance multiplier necessary

A

Muscle fibres only contract short distances

26
Q

Advantages of replacement joints

A

Tailor made to fit patient
Not rejected by immune system
Replaces worn out joints or repair damaged joints
Returns mobility

27
Q

Disadvantages of replacement joints

A

Major surgery required

Cannot repair or replace diseased and/or weakened bones

28
Q

Synovial joint structure-

Describe synovial membrane

A

Secretes synovial fluid

Connective tissue

29
Q

Synovial joint structure-

Describe synovial fluid

A

Lubricates and cushions bones during movement

Absorbs shock

30
Q

Synovial joint structure-

Describe smooth cartilage

A

Prevents friction between bones

Absorbs shock

31
Q

Synovial joint structure-

Describe ligaments

A

Join bones together

Prevents dislocation

32
Q

What does antagonistic mean

A

When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes, found in the arm

SCIENCE B5 (8 decks)

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