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SCIENCE B5 > Running Repairs > Flashcards

Running Repairs Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Human foetuses have a hole in the heart between the atria

How does oxygen reach the foetus

A

Placenta passes oxygen from mothers bloodstream by diffusion so blood by-passes the lungs

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2
Q

If atrioventricular and semi-lunar valves become weak or damaged faulty valves can occur

What happens with faulty valves and how can it be solved

A

Faulty valves allow blood to flow backwards, reducing blood pressure

Faulty valves can be replaced by artificial valves

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3
Q

Advantages of heart pacemaker and valves over a transplant

A

Less risk of rejection

Less traumatic operation

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4
Q

Disadvantages of heart pacemaker and valves over a transplant

A

Parts may need replacing after a few years

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5
Q

What happens if cholesterol plaques build up in the arteries

A

Leads to blockages

deprives cells of oxygen so they die, causing heart attack and coronary heart disease

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6
Q

Bypass surgery

A

Uses blood vessels from leg to replace damaged coronary arteries
to restore blood flow to heart muscle

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7
Q

Heart-assist devices

A

Pumps that reduce work of heart muscles while they recover after heart attack

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8
Q

Explain how the blood clots after damage to blood vessels

Why does blood clot

A

Platelets exposed to air
Causes series of chemical reactions to occur leading to formation of mesh of fibrin (protein) fibres called a clot

Prevents excess blood loss and entry of pathogens

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9
Q

What vitamin is needed for normal blood clotting

A

Vitamin K

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10
Q

What vitamin promotes healthy blood clotting

A

Vitamin C in green vegetables and fruit

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11
Q

What slows blood clotting

Not drugs

A

Cranberries and alcohol

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12
Q

Thrombosis

A

When blood clots abnormally inside undamaged blood vessels and blocks them partially or completely

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13
Q

What can thrombosis lead to

A

Heart attack or stroke

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14
Q

What drugs interfere with clotting process and can treat thrombosis

A

Anticoagulants

Warfarin, heparin and aspirin

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15
Q

What are the four different blood groups

A

A, B, AB, O

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16
Q

What other markers may be found on surface of red blood cells
(For two other different blood groups)

A

Rhesus protein

If you have it you are rhesus positive Rh+
If you dont you are rhesus negative Rh-

17
Q

What marker proteins found on red blood cell surface makes them clump

A

Agglutinins

Someone with A-agglutinins is in group A
Someone with B-agglutinins is in group B
Someone with A-agglutinins and B-agglutinins is in group AB
Someone with no agglutinins is in group O

18
Q

Why is it important that donated blood is matched carefully

A

The body produces antibodies when it detects foreign agglutinins

The blood would all clot

19
Q

What blood groups can A accept from

It has Anti- B antibody in circulation

A

A or O

20
Q

What blood groups can B accept from

It has Anti-A antibody in circulation

A

B or O

21
Q

What blood groups can AB accept from

It has no antibodies in circulation

A

A, B, AB, O

22
Q

What blood groups can O accept from

It has Anti-A and Anti-B antibody in circulation

A

O

23
Q

Why must all organisms carry out gas exchange

A

To obtain oxygen in order to release energy from food by aerobic respiration

24
Q

How do some small organisms get oxygen without lungs or gills

A

Diffusion in moist permeable skin (worm)

25
Q

How do gilled creatures (fish) extract the oxygen from water

A

Gills function in water and cannot breathe air

Fish gulps water through mouth and pushes it out of gill flaps through gills

26
Q

How do amphibians obtain the oxygen

A

Adult amphibians have lungs to breathe air but have moist, permeable skins for gas exchange

This is why they must live in damp habitats

27
Q

Why will fish gills not work in air

A

Air is not dense enough to push between gill filaments

28
Q

How does the structure of a fish gill allow for efficient gaseous exchange

A

The gill bar supports the gill filaments

Gill filaments have a large surface area for diffusion of oxygen into the blood

29
Q

Thorax

A

Human chest cavity

30
Q

Trachea

A

Flexible tube surrounded by rings of cartilage to prevent it from collapsing

31
Q

Bronchi

A

Branches of trachea

32
Q

Bronchioles

A

Branches of bronchus

33
Q

Lungs

A

Inhale/exhale air for gas exchange

34
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs

Provide a large surface area for exchange of gases

35
Q

Diaphragm

A

Muscular sheet between thorax and abdomen

36
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

To raise and lower ribs

37
Q

Pleural membrane

A

Protect and lubricates surface of lung

38
Q

How are lungs adapted for gas exchange

A

Very large surface area, more area for absorption of oxygen

39
Q

What happens to blood in heart for someone born with a hole in their heart

How can this be stopped

A

Blood from right side moves directly to left side
(oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix)
Results in less oxygen carried to blood

Hole can be closed by surgery

SCIENCE B5 (8 decks)

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