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A&P I > Skeleton (Ch. 7) > Flashcards

Skeleton (Ch. 7) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main components of the axial skeleton? What are the two little extra parts?

A
  1. Skull
  2. Spine
  3. Thoracic cage
    Extras: Hyoid bone and auditory ossicles
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2
Q

What do long bones look like, what do they do, and where are they found?

A

Length is greater than width - they are long
Diaphysis of compact bone
Epiphyses of spongy bone
Act as levers for body motion
Thigh, leg, arm, forearm, hands, feet, fingers, and toes

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3
Q

What do short bones look like, what do they do, and where are they found?

A

Nearly equal in length and width
Mainly made of spongy bone
Wrist and ankles

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4
Q

What do flat bones look like, what do they do, and where are they found?

A

Thin flat plates of spongy bone (may have thin compact bone lining)
Enclose and protect important organs
Provide large surface area for muscle attachment
Cranium, breastbone, ribs, shoulder blades

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5
Q

What do irregular bones look like, what do they do, and where are they found?

A

Don’t fit in other categories
Variable composition
Vertebrae, some facial bones

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6
Q

What do sesamoid bones look like, what do they do, and where are they found?

A

Look like sesame seeds
Develop in tendons
Provide strength and stability to areas of unusual mechanical stress
Patellas

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7
Q

What are sutural bones? Where are they found? Does everyone have them?

A

Small bones that may occur within sutures between cranial bones
Only some people have them

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8
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

Large rounded projection

May be roughened

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9
Q

What is a crest?

A

Narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

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10
Q

What is a trochanter?

A

Femur only

Very large, blunt, irregularly-shaped process

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11
Q

What is a line (bone marking)?

A

Narrow ridge of bone - less prominent than a crest

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12
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

Small rounded projection or process

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13
Q

What is an epicondyle?

A

Raised area on or above a condyle

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14
Q

What is a spine (bone marking)?

A

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection (spinous process of vertebrae, ischial spine)

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15
Q

What is a process (bone marking)?

A

Any bony prominence

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16
Q

What part of the bone is the facet?

A

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Ribs attach to spinal cartilage via facets

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17
Q

What is a condyle on a bone?

A

Rounded articular projection
Mandible has a condyle at the superior posterior position where it attaches to the maxilla
Femur has condyles

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18
Q

What is a ramus on a bone?

A

Armlike bar of a bone

The rising part of the mandible is the ramus

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19
Q

What is a groove in a bone?

A

Furrow (for blood passage)

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20
Q

What is a fissure (in a healthy bone)?

A

Narrow, slit-like opening
Crack
Inferior orbital fissures
For blood passage

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21
Q

What is a foramen?

A

Round or oval opening through a bone

Hole

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22
Q

What is a notch (in a healthy bone)?

A

An indentation at the edge

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23
Q

What is a meatus?

A

Tunnel
Canal-like passageway
Auditory meatus

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24
Q

What is a sinus?

A

Bone cavity
Filled with air
Lined with mucous membrane

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25
Q

What is a fossa?

A

Pocket or cup
Shallow basin-like depression in a bone
Often an articular surface

26
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

Groove in a bone

27
Q

What do bone processes attach to to protect muscles from tension (pulling) forces?

A

Tendons and ligaments

28
Q

What do condyles, facets, and heads of bones have in common?

A

They are joint surfaces

29
Q

What do lines, crests, spinous processes, tubercles, tuberosities, trochanters, and epicondyles have in common?

A

They are sites of attachment

30
Q

What do the head, ribs, pelvic girdle, and back muscles all attach to?

A

The vertebral column

31
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

32
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

33
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

34
Q

How many vertebrae are there fused together in the sacrum?

A

5

35
Q

How many vertebrae are there fused in the coccyx?

A

4

36
Q

What is the primary curve of the spine, as opposed to the secondary curves?

A

Primary - Fetal (thoracic and sacral)

Secondary - As baby starts to lift head, stand (cervical and lumbar)

37
Q

What are the three abnormal spinal curves?

A
  1. Kyphosis (humpback)
  2. Lordosis (booty out)
  3. Scoliosis (lateral curvature)
38
Q

What are the three abnormal spinal curves?

A
  1. Kyphosis (humpback)
  2. Lordosis (booty out/”swayback”)
  3. Scoliosis (lateral curvature)
39
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a typical vertebra?

A
  1. Vertebral body (thick part)
  2. Vertebral arch (surrounds spinal cord)
  3. Vertebral processes (sites of articulation/facets)
40
Q

Which vertebrae have intervertebral discs between them?

A

C2-sacrum

41
Q

When you nod your head, what does the atlas vertebra articulate with on the skull?

A

The occipital condyles

42
Q

What part of the axis vertebra makes a pivot joint with the atlas (and makes us able to shake our heads “no”)?

A

The dens of the axis (tooth)

43
Q

Which kind of vertebrae have the smallest bodies? Medium? Largest?

A

Smallest: Cervical
Medium: Thoracic
Largest: Lumbar

44
Q

Which type of vertebrae articulate with the ribs?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

45
Q

Which type of vertebrae look like giraffes, and which look like moose?

A 
Giraffes = thoracic
Moose = lumbar
46
Q

Which type of vertebrae has superior and inferior articular facets, and which type has medial and lateral articular facets?

A

Superior and inferior: cervical and thoracic (giraffe)
Superior - cervical (s sounds)

Medial and lateral: Moose: Lumbar
Medial - moose (m sounds)

47
Q

On the sacrum, what is the median sacral crest formed from?

A

Fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae

48
Q

On the sacrum, what is the sacral canal formed from?

A

Fused vertebral foramina of the sacral vertebrae

49
Q

What is the sacral hiatus?

A

Inferior entrance to vertebral canal

Where epidurals are injected into

50
Q

What is the inferior entrance to the vertebral canal called (where epidural injections are given)?

A

Sacral hiatus

51
Q

What is the coccygeal cornua? Which sex has one that points inferiorly, and which points anteriorly?

A

Dorsal process at the apex of the sacrum
Females - Inferiorly
Males - Anteriorly

52
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A
  1. Manubrium (superior)
  2. Body
  3. Xiphoid process (inferior)
53
Q

How many ribs do people normally have? How many are true ribs and how many are false ribs?

A

12 pairs altogether
True ribs - 7 pairs
False ribs - 5 (3 attached to other costal cartilages, 2 floating ribs w/ no anterior attachment)

54
Q

Does the head of the rib articulate with the vertebral body or the costal cartilage?

A

Head of rib connects to vertebral body

The head and the body connect.

55
Q

What are the 4 major cranial sutures?

A
  1. Coronal (frontal-parietal)
  2. Sagittal (L-R parietals)
  3. Lamboidal (occipital-pareital)
  4. Squamous (parietal-temple)
56
Q

What 4 bones work together to form the paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Sphenoid
  3. Ethmoid
  4. Maxillary
57
Q

What 2 bones form the nasal septum? What connects them?

A
  1. Vomer
  2. Ethmoid
    Connected by septal cartilage
58
Q

What are 2 functions of the sinuses?

A

Produce mucus, which moisturizes and warms inhaled air

Resonating chambers for speech

59
Q

Which cranial bone looks like a bat, and which looks like a walnut?

A 
Bat = Sphenoid
Walnut = Ethmoid
60
Q

Are the sphenoid and ethmoid bones cranial bones or facial bones?

A

Cranial

61
Q

What are the 8 bones of the cranium (8 includes L and R)?

A 
Frontal
L/R Parietal
L/R Temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
62
Q

What two bones together make up the pectoral girdle?

A

The clavicle and the scapula

A&P I (11 decks)

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