Joints (My Ch. 8, Class Ch. 9)

Question 1

What is an arthrosis, or articulation?

Answer 1

A joint - point of contact between

a) two bones
b) bone and cartilage, or
c) bone and teeth

Question 2

What are the three functional kinds of joints (based on how much motion occurs at the joint)?

Answer 2

SAD:
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Amphiarthrosis (slighthly movable)
Diarthrosis (freely movable)

Question 3

What is an example of a synarthrosis joint?

Answer 3

Skull suture

Question 4

What is an example of an amphiarthrosis joint?

Answer 4

Pubic symphysis - doesn’t move very much

Question 5

What is an example of a diarthrosis joint?

Answer 5

Elbow or knee

Question 6

What are the 3 STRUCTURAL classifications of joints? (Based on tissue type of connection)

Answer 6

1. Fibrous joints (fibrous connective tissue)
2. Cartilaginous joints (cartilage)
3. Synovial joints (synovial cavity)

Question 7

What kind of connective tissue forms the articular capsule of synovial joints?

Answer 7

Dense irregular connective tissue

*Often ligaments, too

Question 8

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

Answer 8

1. Sutures (skull)
2. Syndesmosis (gap between articulating surfaces, held together by ligament)
3. Gomphosis (teeth-bone only)

Question 9

Syndesmosis fibrous joints are:

a) Synarthroses
b) Amphiarthroses, or
c) Diarthroses

Answer 9

b) Amphiarthroses

Question 10

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 10

1. Synchondrosis (connected by hyaline cartilage)

2. Symphysis (Ends of bone connect by fibrocartilage disc, e.g. pubic symphysis or other amphiarthroses)

Question 11

What functional kind of joint are synovial joints? Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, or diarthrosis?

Answer 11

Diarthrosis

Question 12

What are syndesmoses?

Answer 12

Bones connected by ligaments only

“Syndesmosos” = ligament

Question 13

Synovial has a funny meaning; what is it?

Answer 13

Joint eggs

Question 14

What two layers make up the articular capsule?

Answer 14

1. Fibrous capsule

2. Synovial membrane

Question 15

What type of connective tissue makes up the fibrous capsule layer of the articular capsule?

Answer 15

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 16

What does the articular capsule attach to superficially?

Answer 16

The periosteum

Question 17

What is the inner layer of the articular capsule?

Answer 17

The synovial membrane

Question 18

What kind of connective tissue makes up the synovial membrane of the articular capsule?

Answer 18

Areolar connective tissue

Question 19

What role do ligaments play for synovial joints?

Answer 19

Ligaments reinforce the joint

Question 20

What is the difference between extracapsular and intracapsular accessory ligaments around synovial joints?

Answer 20

Extra = outside capsule (e.g. collateral ligaments of knee)
Intra = inside capsule (e.g. cruciate ligaments of knee)

Question 21

What kind of cartilage makes up a meniscus?

Answer 21

Fibrocartilage

Question 22

What is a tendon sheath?

Answer 22

Bursa in the sape of a tube. Surrounds tendon at sites of friction of synovial joints (e.g. shoulder, wrist, fingers)

Question 23

What makes up a bursa?

Answer 23

Connective tissue sac lined with synovial membrane. Filled with viscous fluid.

Question 24

What is a planar joint? How many planes does it move in? Is it axial (rotates on an axis)? Example?

Answer 24

Relatively flat surfaces
Glide over each other in 2 planes (back and forth)
Nonaxial
Ex: Intercarpal, intertarsal, clavicular, and costal joints

Question 25

What is a hinge joint? How many planes does it move in? Is it axial (rotates on an axis)? Example?

Answer 25

One convex and one concave surface Monaxial (one axis of rotation) Ex: knee, elbow, interphalangeal joints

Question 26

What is a pivot joint? How many planes does it move in? Is it axial (rotates on an axis)? Example?

Answer 26

Ring-shaped like a car fan belt articulation Monaxial (one axis of rotation) Ex: atlantoaxial or radioulnar joints

Question 27

What is an ellipsoidal (condyloid) joint? How many planes does it move in? Is it axial (rotates on an axis)? Example?

Answer 27

Convex oval surface articulates with concave oval surface Biaxial (2 axes of rotation) Ex: wrist, metacarpophalangeal 2-5 joints

Question 28

What is a saddle joint? How many planes does it move in? Is it axial (rotates on an axis)? Example?

Answer 28

Saddle- and rider-shaped surfaces Biaxial (2 axes of rotation) Ex: carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Question 29

What is a ball-and-socket joint? How many planes does it move in? Is it axial (rotates on an axis)? Example?

Answer 29

Ball surface fits into cup surface Multiaxial rotation Ex: shoulder, hip

Question 30

Which end of the bone is the insertion, and which is the origin?

Answer 30

Origin attaches to immovable (or less movable) site, insertion attaches to movable (or more movable) site Example: Femur Origin: hip joint Insertion: knee joint

Question 31

Flexion vs. Extension vs. Hyperextension

Answer 31

Flexion decreases the angle of the joint (ex: head bending towards chest) Extension increases the angle of the joint (ex: head bending backwards straight up) Hyperextension: extension past anatomical position (ex: head bent back at neck towards back)

Question 32

Example of gliding motion

Answer 32

Intercarpal or Intertarsal (wrist moves in a side-to-side wave)

Question 33

Circumduction

Answer 33

Moving a limb so that it makes a cone in space (keeping a hula hoop on your arm)

Question 34

Rotation | Difference between medial and lateral rotation

Answer 34

Rotating a bone on its own long axis Medial - towards midline Lateral - away from midline Ex: Turning your head left to right

Question 35

Supination vs. Pronation

Answer 35

Palm up vs. palm down Supination = anatomical position: radius and ulna are parallel Pronation - radius rotates over ulna

Question 36

Dorsiflexion vs. plantar flexion

Answer 36

Bottom of the foot - Plantar flexion goes down like plantar, dorsiflection goes up like you're bringing your toes towars your head

Question 37

Inversion vs. eversion

Answer 37

Bottom of foot faces medially (inversion) or laterally (eversion)

Question 38

Elevation vs. depression of body parts

Answer 38

Elevate: lift up Depress: move down Example: mandible, shrugging your shoulders up and down

Question 39

Saddle joint btw metacarpal 1 and trapezium allows this movement, which makes human hands so special

Answer 39

Opposition of thumb

Question 40

Three factors affect a joint's _______ __ _________: 1. Shape of articular surfaces 2. # and positioning of ligaments 3. Muscle tone

Answer 40

Range of motion | aka stability