Orientation to the Human Body (Ch. 1) Flashcards
What are the 6 levels of structural organization of an organism?
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- Organ system level
- Organism level
Negative vs. positive feedback systems
Negative goes towards homeostasis
Positive feedback ramps up until it hits a breaking point
Elements of a homeostatic control system
Receptor
Control Center
Effector (Response)
Afferent vs. efferent pathways in the maintenance of homeostasis
Afferent is going TO the control center, and efferent is going TO the effector
Receptor –> AFFERENT –> Control Center –> EFFERENT –> Effector (response)
Superior (cranial)
Towards the head/upper part of a structure or body
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head end or towards the lower part of a body; below
Anterior (ventral)
Front (towards stomach)
Posterior (caudal)
Behind (towards tail)
Medial
Towards the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure, e.g. the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
Proximal
Closer to the point of origin/attachment of a limb
Distal
Farther from the point of origin/attachment of a limb
Superficial (external)
Towards the surface
Deep (internal)
Away from the surface/towards the core
Sagittal plane
Divides into L/R
Vertical plane
Median/midsagittal plane
Divides equally into L/R
Parasagittal plane
Divides unequally into L/R
Para - near
Frontal/coronal plane
Divide body into anterior and posterior (front/back)
Transverse/horizontal plane
Divides body into superior and inferior (top and bottom)
Horizontal plane
Oblique sections/planes
Made diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes
Rarely used - confusing to interpret
Dorsal body cavity - what does it do, and what are the 2 sections?
Protects nervous system organs
2 parts:
1) cranial cavity
2) vertebral/spinal cavity
Ventral body cavity - what does it do, and what are the 2 major sections?
Ventral cavity houses the viscera (internal organs)
2 parts:
1) Thoracic cavity
2) Abdominopelvic cavity
What are the parts of the thoracic cavity?
Lateral pleural cavities (each envelops a lung) Medial mediastinum (contains the pericardial cavity, which encloses the heart, and the other thoracic organis (esophagus, trachea, etc.)
What are the 2 parts of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Abdominal and pelvic cavities
Abdominal cavity - contents
Contents: stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc.
Pelvic cavity - contents
Contents: Urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum
What is the membrane that lines the ventral body cavity, and what are its two walls called?
Serous membrane lines the ventral cavity
Deep wall = visceral serosa (hugs the viscera)
Superficial wall = parietal serosa
Separated by serous fluid
What are the abdominopelvic regions?
Down the core:
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Down the sides:
L/R Hypochondriac
L/R Lumbar
L/R Iliac/inguinal
What are synovial cavities?
Joint cavities
