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histology > skeletal tissues > Flashcards

skeletal tissues Flashcards

1
Q

The primary blast cell for bone?

A

Osteoblast

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2
Q

what is the precursor of osteoblast cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor

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3
Q

what is the predominantly collagenous extracellular matrix of the bone?

A

osteoid

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4
Q

which cells are within the ground substance of the bone?

A

osteocytes

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5
Q

what occupies the medullary bone?

A

Hematopoietic marrow

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6
Q

what are the two main forms of the bone?

A

woven bone

lamella bone

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7
Q

Two main types of bone can be identified according to the pattern of collagen forming the osteoid: which form of bone has sheeted parallel collagen bands and regular?

A

lamella

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8
Q

In which form/ type of the BONE osteoblast synthesis osteoid rapidly?

A

Woven bone

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9
Q

which type of growth mechanism is the elongation of bone is accomplished?

A

Interstitial

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10
Q

Name the extension that osteocytes use for communication?

A

Canaliculi

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11
Q

which 2 canals developed by osteoclast tunneling ?

A

harversian canals

Volkmann canals

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12
Q

Name the 2 “sandwiching” layers that exist in the Outer and inner circumferential lamellae?

A

inner circumferential- endosteum

outer circumferential- periosteum

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13
Q

Which layer of compact bone is lined with inactive osteoblast for osteoid?

A

endosteum

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14
Q

which cavity is found deep in the diaphysis of long bones and are filled with yellow marrow in the adult.

A

medullary cavity

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15
Q

name 2 ways of bone development?

A

endochondral ossification

intermembranous ossification

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16
Q

name 3 types of cartilage.

A

hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

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17
Q

name the Cartilage cells differentiated from mesenchyme?

A

chondroblast

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18
Q

periosteum is composed of what?

A

collagen and spindle shaped cells

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19
Q

Most cartilage is devoid of blood supply, how does it maintain its viability?

A

through metabolic exchange by diffusion through ground substance.

20
Q

Which type of cartilage is composed of collage type 2 ?

A

Hyaline cartilage

21
Q

name the Type of cartilage is found between cartilage and dense fibrous supporting tissues found in the intervertebral disc and articular cartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage

22
Q

the type of cartilage consisting of thick collagen in functional stress direction

A

fibrocartilage

23
Q

During the healing of a bone fracture, what form the hard callus?

A

osteoblast

24
Q

name the expansion of long bone ends?

A

epiphysis

25
Q

name the type of remodeling process that replace hyaline cartilage with bone

A

endochondral ossification

26
Q

which type of ossification occurs in deeper layers of the dermis

A

intermembranous ossification

27
Q

Which cell type is the most common type of bone cell, and is actually a mature bone cell encased in a lacuna?

A

osteocyte

28
Q

name the bones that begin as masses of cartilage later replaced by bone tissue.

A

Endochondral bones

29
Q

The bones of athletes are typically stronger and heavier than nonathletes due to the stress applied to the bones by muscles. TRUE OR FLASE?

A

TRUE
Stresses bone may be exposed to determines
Number, thickness and orientation of trabeculae

30
Q

Name the primary mineral stored by compact bones?

A

CALCIUM

31
Q

Which type of bone cells are responsible for “resorption bone”?

A

osteoclast

32
Q

The zone Consists of typical hyaline cartilage with the chondrocytes arranged in small clusters surrounded by a large amount of moderately stained matrix.

A

zone of reserve cartilage

33
Q

In which zone, Cell division has ceased and the chondrocytes increase in size?
A. zone of proliferation
B. Zone of hypertrophy and calcification
c. zone of maturation

A

Zone of maturation

34
Q

The osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts which congregate on the surface of the spicules of the calcified cartilage matrix where they commence bone formation. This transitional zone is known as ?

A

Metaphysis

35
Q 
The basic functional unit of mature compact bone?
A. osteocytes
B. osteoid 
C. Osteon
D.  osteoblast
A

C

osteon

36
Q

During intramembranous ossification, which type of

tissue is replaced by bone?

A

spongy

Through remodeling, spongy bone formed in this way can be converted to compact bone

37
Q

In endochondral ossification, what is the original

source of osteoblasts?

A

The Perichondrium

Blood vessels grow into the perichondrium surrounding
the shaft of the cartilage. The cells of this region’s inner layer of the perichondrium then differentiate into osteoblast And begin producing a thin layer of compact bone around the shaft of
the cartilage. The perichondrium is now technically a periosteum because it covers bone rather than cartilage.

38
Q

Type of bone that contains red bone marrow responsible for blood cell formation, At other sites may contain yellow bone marrow—adipose tissue important as an energy reserve.

A

Spongy bone

39
Q

Compare the structures and functions of compact bone

and spongy bone.

A

the compact contains parallel osteons and spongy bone contains trabeculae.
In an osteon, the osteocytes are arranged in concentric layers around a central canal, or the Haversian canal. This canal contains one or more blood vessels that carry blood to and from the osteon and supply blood to osteons in deeper bone and medullary cavities.

in spongy bone, lamellae are not arranged in osteons. The matrix in spongy bone forms a meshwork of supporting
bundles of fibers called trabeculae. There are no
capillaries or venules in the matrix of spongy bone. Nutrients reach the osteocytes by diffusion along canaliculi that open onto the surfaces of trabeculae.

40
Q

bone develops directly from mesenchyme (loosely organized embryonic tissue) or fibrous connective tissue?
A. intermembranous ossification
B. endochondral ossification

A

A

41
Q

the flat bones of the skull, the mandible (lower jaw), and the clavicle (collarbone) result from which ossification?

A

intermembranous ossification

42
Q

cartilages are ?
A. avascular
B. vascular(extensive)

A

A.
exchange of nutrients and waste products must occur by diffusion through the matrix. Blood vessels do not grow into cartilage because chondrocytes produce a chemical that discourages their formation

43
Q

The organic and mineral components of the bone matrix are
continuously being recycled and renewed through the process of:

A. osteolysis
B. endochondral ossification
c. remodeling
D. secondary ossification

A

C

44
Q

What happens if osteoclast activity is greater than osteoblast activity?

A

More bone is broken down than is replaced, resulting in a decrease in bone density (osteoporosis)

45
Q

What happens if osteoblast activity is greater than osteoclast activity?

A

The bone will be thicker and the bone density will increase

46
Q

What is the difference between interstitial and appositional growth?

A

Interstitial growth results in an increase in length, due to cell division in the proliferative zone, and maturation of cells in the zone of maturation. This results in the lengthening of cartilage, then the cartilage is replaced by bone.

Appositional growth results in an increase in bone width/diameter. This is due to bone being deposited on the endosteal and periosteal layers, thus resulting in new layers of bone being added to the original bone. Thus bone thickness increases.

47
Q

State the different zones in the cartilage of the growth plate in bone

A 
Zone of reserve cartilage
Zone of proliferation
Zone of maturation
Zone of hypertrophy and calcification
Zone of cartilage degeneration
Osteogenic zone

histology (9 decks)

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