skeletal system (test) Flashcards
what are the functions of the skeletal system?
- works with muscles for movement
- makes blood cells
- protects internal organs
- stores calcium
how many types of bones are there? name them and give a brief description of each.
- long bones - long
- short bones - short
- sesamoid bones - sesame shaped
- flat bones - flat
- irregular bones - oddly shaped
- sutural bones - found between fused bones
what bones are found in the axial skeleton?
the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage (sternum + ribs)
what is the function of the skull?
protects the brain and guards the openings to the digestive/respiratory system
what is the function of the vertebral column?
protects the spinal cord and distributes weight to the lower extremities
what is the function of the ribcage?
protects organs and takes part in breathing
what bones are found in the appendicular skeleton?
upper extremities: clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
lower extremities: pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
which two places connect the axial and appendicular skeleton? which bones are involved?
- clavicle to the manubrium of sternum
- sacrum to pelvic bones
why do cranial sutures exist?
cranial bones don’t fuse until after birth to allow the head to fit through the birth canal
what is the foramen magnum? where is it located?
an opening that allows the spinal cord to pass through to the vertebral column; located on the inferior part of the skull (base of cranium)
as we move inferiorly from the cervical region to the lumbar region, why does the body of the vertebrae get bigger?
it gets bigger to support more body weight lower in the vertebral column
as we move inferiorly from the cervical region to the lumbar region, why do the vertebrae foramen get smaller?
it gets smaller because the spinal cord gets smaller due to nerves exiting
which facial bone gives us the upper jaw?
maxilla
which facial bone gives us the lower jaw?
mandible
which facial bone gives us the cheekbones?
zygomatic bone
what is the purpose of the natural curvature of the spine?
weight distribution (to the lower extremities)
what is the over-curvature of the thoracic spine?
kyphosis
what is the over-curvature of the lumbar spine?
lordosis
what is the lateral curvature of the spine?
scoliosis
what is the function of the spinous and transverse processes on vertebrae?
spinous: muscle attachment
transverse: muscle attachment (except in thoracic where it articulates with ribs)
what is the importance of the intervertebral discs?
shock absorption
what are the differences between true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs?
true ribs: attach directly to the sternum
false ribs: do not attach directly to the sternum
floating ribs: only attach to the vertebrae
what ribs are true ribs? false ribs? floating ribs?
true ribs: pairs 1-7
false ribs: pairs 8-12
floating ribs: pairs 11-12
what part of the sternum do ribs attach to?
the body
what part of the vertebral column do ribs attach to?
the thoracic vertebrae
which bones are in the pectoral girdle?
calvicle and scapula
what bone makes up the arm bone?
humerus
which bones are in the forearm? which is more medial and which is more lateral?
ulna (medial) and radius (lateral)
what do we call wrist bones? hand bones? finger bones?
wrist: carpals
hand: metacarpals
finger: phalanges
what do we call the thigh bone?
the femur
what bones are in the leg? which is more medial and which is more lateral?
tibia (medial) and fibula (lateral)
what do we call the knee bone?
patella
what do we call the ankle bones? foot bones? toe bones?
ankle: tarsals
foot: metatarsals
toe: phalanges
what is similar between the number of phalanges in your foot and hand?
hallux/pollex: two phalanges
other fingers/toes: three phalanges
how is the pelvis different from the pelvic girdle?
pelvis: 2 pelvic bones
pelvic girdle: 2 pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx
what are the differences between the female and male pelvis?
F: larger angle between pelvic bones, sacrum/coccyx is more posterior, wider distance between the ilium and iliac spines
M: smaller angle between pelvic bones, sacrum/coccyx is more anterior, narrower distance between the ilium and iliac spines
what are the functions of osteoblasts?
makes the bone matrix
what are the functions of osteoclasts?
large cells that break down the bone matrix
what are the functions of osteocytes?
the main bone cells that regulate bone function
what are the functions of osteoprogenitors?
bone stem cells that make/differentiate into other bone cells
what are the three stages of bone healing?
- hematoma development
- fibrocartilage development/callus development
- callus replacement and remodeling
describe hematoma development
when a blood clot forms at the site of the fracture
describe fibrocartilage development/callus development
fibrocartilage replaces the blood clot formed in stage one
describe callus replacement and remodeling
callus is replaced by spongy bone, then compact bone
what does it mean for a fracture to be displaced?
bone fractures are no longer aligned
what does it mean for a fracture to be nondisplaced?
bone fractures are still aligned
what does it mean for a fracture to be complete?
the bone is broken all the way through
what does it mean for a fracture to be incomplete?
the bone is broken partially
what does it mean for a fracture to be linear?
along the long axis (superior –> inferior)
what does it mean for a fracture to be transverse?
along the short axis (medial –> lateral)
what does it mean for a fracture to be compound?
when it breaks/pokes through the skin
what does it mean for a fracture to be simple?
when the bone remains inside the body (doesn’t break skin)
what is a greenstick fracture?
occurs when the bone breaks incompletely (broken on one side, bent on the other)
what is a transverse fracture?
occurs when the bone is broken across the bone perpendicular to the long axis (right angles)
what is an oblique fracture?
occurs when the bone is broken diagonally
what is a spiral fracture?
occurs due to torsion/twisting
what is a comminuted fracture?
occurs when the bone is broken into three or more fragments
what is a stress/compression/hairline fracture?
tiny fractures caused by slow pressure over time; doesn’t break the bone clean
