skeletal system pt1 Flashcards
what are the four functions of the skeletal system?
works with the muscular system to produce movement, makes blood cells in the bone marrow of longer bones, protects the internal organs, stores calcium and other ions for the body until they are needed
the skeletal system works with the muscular system. what is it often referred to as?
the skeletomuscular system
how many categories of bones are there? how are they organized?
6; by shape
name the 6 types of bones
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones, sutural bones
describe the shape and functions of long bones
long and slender; supports the weight of the body and facilitates movement
describe the shape and functions of short bones
cuboidal/box-shaped; provides stability and some movement
describe the shape and functions of flat bones
thin with roughly parallel surfaces; provides protection for internal organs and allows for large, flat surfaces fro muscle attatchment
describe the shape and functions of irregular bones
complex shapes usually rounded triangles in shape; helps relieve tension within muscles and tendons
where are sesamoid bones founds?
found inside of tendons or near a joint
describe the shape and location of sutural bones
small, irregular bones; found between skull bones after they have fused together
how many parts is the skeletal system divided into? what are they?
2; axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
where is the axial skeleton found and what does it include?
the central axis of the body; incudes the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage
where is the appendicular skeleton found and what does it include?
found on the periphery outside of the central axis; includes all structures of the upper and lower extremities
what are the 2 functions of the skull?
protects the brain and guards the entry points to the digestive and respiratory systems
how many main parts does the skull have and what are they?
3; cranium, facial bones, mandible
what is the cranium and what is it made up of?
the top part that covers the brain; made up of 8 fused bones
when does the fusion of the cranium complete and why are we born with separate cranial bones?
at about 2 years of age; to make it easier to push out of the birth canal
what are cranial sutures? what type of bone can be found there?
the formed lines in the skull when bones fuse; sutural bones
what is the foramen magnum and where can it be found?
a large hole that allows the spinal cord to exit into the vertebral column; located at the base of the cranium
what are facial bones?
bones found in the face
what is the mandible?
the jaw
how many bones are not found in the cranium in the skull? name one and state where it can be found.
14; palatine bones found in the roof of the mouth
what are the functions of the vertebral column?
protection for the spinal cord and weight distribution to the lower extremities
how many sections are in the vertebral column and what are they?
5; cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
where are the cervical vertebrae and how many bones does it consist of?
the neck, 7 bones
there are 2 special bones in the cervical vertebrae. what are they and what do they do?
atlas (C1) which fits against the foramen magnum and holds up the head; axis (C2) which allows for head rotation
where are the thoracic vertebrae and how many bones does it consist of?
upper back; 12 bones
why are there 12 vertebrae in the thoracic vertebrae?
those bones articulate/connect with the 12 ribs
where are the lumbar vertebrae and how many bones does it consist of?
lower back; 5 bones
what are the lumbar vertebrae responsible for?
weight distribution to the lower extremities
what is the sacrum made up of and what does it connect to?
a fusion of 5 bones; connects to the pelvis
what is the primary function of the sacrum?
strengthening and stabilizing the pelvis
what is the coccyx made up of and where is it found/what is it?
3 fused bones; tailbone
why is the spine naturally curved?
it acts as another measure to help distribute weight to the lower extremities
what is kyphosis?
over-curvature of the thoracic spine
what is lordosis?
over-curvature of the lumbar spine
what is scoliosis?
lateral curvature of the spine
true or false: bones of the vertebral column are regularly shaped
false; they are irregularly shaped
do size and thickness or general structure vary for bones in the vertebral column?
size and thickness (depending on location)
what are the main parts of the vertebral column?
spinous process, transverse processes, body, vertebral foramen, inferior and superior articular processes
what is the spinous process?
the part that sticks out the posterior side of the vertebral column
what are the transverse processes? what do these do specifically in the thoracic region?
those that stick out either side of the bone; used for articulation with ribs
what is the body (in terms of the vertebral column)? what does it help do?
the main large part of the bone; distribute weight
what is the vertebral foramen? what passes through it?
the hole; the spinal cord
what are the inferior and superior articular processes?
those that stick out between the spinous and transverse processes
what are the spinous process AND transverse processes used as?
attachment points for muscles
true or false: the body (vertebral column) is larger in the cervical vertebrae and gets smaller as we move in inferiorly
false
true or false: the vertebral foramen is larger in the cervical vertebrae and gets smaller as we move in inferiorly
true
what are the two important things in between vertebrae?
intervertebral discs and intervertebral foramen
what do intervertebral discs do and where are they found?
help absorb and redistribute shock to the vertebral column; between the vertebrae
what are intervertebral foramen and why do they exist?
gaps between the vertebrae due to the intervertebral discs and the shape of vertebrae
where does the spinal cord split into nerves and exits the spinal cord to the rest of the body?
the intervertebral foramen
which two bones in the vertebral column have unique shapes?
the sacrum and coccyx
what are the functions of the ribcage?
protects organs in the thoracic cavity and takes part in breathing
what does the ribcage consist of?
the sternum and ribs
how many main parts of the sternum are there and what are they?
3; manubrium, body, xyphoid process
what is the manubrium and what does it connect to?
superior portion of the sternum; connects to the axial skeleton to the upper extremities
what is the body (in terms of the sternum)?
the largest, main part of the sternum
what is the xyphoid process?
the inferior portion of the sternum
true of false: the body articulates with the ribs
true
true of false: as humans age, the bones of the sternum do not fuse and the entire structure is more flexible
false
how many pairs of ribs are there?
12 ribs
true or false: the ribs articulate with the body of the sternum on the anterior side and with the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae on the posterior side
true
what pairs are true ribs and what do true ribs attach to?
pairs 1-7, attaches to the sternum and thoracic vertebrae
what pairs are false ribs and why are they called “false” ribs?
pairs 8-12; they do not attach directly to the sternum
what do pairs 8-10 attach to? what do they use to attach?
pair 7; costal cartilages (rib cartilage)
what are pairs 11-12 known as and what do they attach to?
floating ribs; the thoracic vertebrae (they do not make it to the anterior side of the body)
