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Ppl A&P > Skeletal System (PP5) > Flashcards

Skeletal System (PP5) Flashcards

1
Q

Function of skeletal system

A

Support
movement
protection
mineral storage
hematopoiesis

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2
Q

What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?

A

The production of RBC
Occurs in red bone marrow

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3
Q

What controls hematopoiesis?

A

EPO- erythropoietin hormone
produced by the kidneys

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4
Q

When is EPO released?

A

decrease of O2

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5
Q

Where is red bone marrow found?

A

Kids: every single damn bone
Adults: skull, ribs, femur head, sternum, vertebrae

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6
Q

Osteoprogenitor cell

A

stem cells that make osteoblasts

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7
Q

Osteoblasts

A

immature cells that produce the matrix, new bone in childhood, remodeling, and repair broken bone

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8
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature cell in the lacunae that performs daily tasks

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9
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Breaks down bone in remodeling
Reabsorbs matrix to release minerals

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10
Q

What is remodeling?

A

Starting at age 30, all bone in your body is broken down and rebuilt over the course of 10 years, and the process repeats once completed

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11
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

round (patella)

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12
Q

Long bone

A

includes shaft (diaphysis) and 2 knobby ends (epiphyses)

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13
Q

Irregular bone

A

vertebrae
need I say more?

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14
Q

Short bone

A

lil square things
carpals and tarsals

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15
Q

Flat bone

A

skull bones

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16
Q

Compact bone

A

dense and smooth
outer surface of bone

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17
Q

Spongy

A

Looks like a dry sponge
In middle

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18
Q

Osteon

A

weight baring pillars running parallel to the axis of the long bone

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19
Q

Lamella

A

rings of the osteon

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20
Q

Haversian Canal

A

conduit for small BV and nerves for osteon cells
center of osteon

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21
Q

Volkmann’s Canal

A

connects vascular and nerves of haversian canals

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22
Q

Lacunae

A

cavities between lamella

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23
Q

Canaliculi

A

connect lacunae
tie all osteocytes in an osteon together.
nutrient and waste transport

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24
Q

Trabiculae

A

Irregularly organized lamella and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi
no osteons
arranged for max stress resistance

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25
Q

What cartilage is in epiphyses?

A

hyaline cartilage

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26
Q

What does the endosteum cover

A

trabeculae

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27
Q

When does ossification occur

A

Starts at week 6/7 in utero and continues into puberty
Remodeling in 30s

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28
Q

Where is intramembranous ossification?

A

bone formed within fibrous CT membrane

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29
Q

What bones are made from intramembranous ossification

A

skull, mandibles, scapula (flat bones)

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30
Q

What are the steps of intramembranous ossificaiton?

A

Mesenchymal cells collect
Change to osteoprogenitor cells
Change to osteoblasts, which help create the matrix
The matrix hardens, forming trabeculae
Internal space turns into red bone marrow
Mesenchyme outside turns into periosteum

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31
Q

What bones are made from endochondral ossification?

A

All bones below the head excluding the clavicle

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32
Q

Where is endochondral ossification performed?

A

formed within the cartilage model

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33
Q

Describe endochondral ossification

A

Chondroblasts secrete hyaline cartilage model
chondrocytes become trapped in lacunae and form outer membrane

34
Q

What are the steps of endochondral ossification

A

Mesenchymal cells change into chondrocytes to form the long bone shape and start the periosteum
Chondrocytes divide, secrete more matrix to harden, killing the hyaline cartilage cells, and vessels invade midshaft
Periosteum is developed, osteoprogenitor cells change into osteoblasts and form the bone collar around cartilage matrix, cavity fills with RBM, 2nd ossification center forms in epiphyses as vessels spread- mostly make the spongey bone
Hyaline cartilage remains at the end, divided from the shaft by the growth plate

35
Q

What is remodeling?

A

old, worn out, injured bone replaced with new tissue
allows bone to store Ca

36
Q

What happens to the bone diameter after remodeling?

A

increases bone diameter

37
Q

What are the requirements for remodeling?

A

Sufficient Ca & P in diet
Vit D, C, & A
HGH
Estrogen/Test
Calcitonin
PTH

38
Q

What is Vit D’s role in remodeling?

A

needed for Ca absorption

39
Q

What conditions may arise if Vit D deficient?

A

rickets and osteomalacia (weak bones)

40
Q

What is Vit C role in remodeling

A

maintain bone matrix

41
Q

What is Vit A role in remodeling

A

regulates cell function

42
Q

What is Human Growth Hormone’s role in remodeling?

A

(HGH)
helps generate bone growth

43
Q

What is Estrogen and Testosterone’s role in remodeling?

A

Helps osteoblasts make matrix and remove cartilage

44
Q

What is calcitonin’s role in remodeling?

A

Positive feedback loop!
decreases Ca levels in blood to inhibit osteoclast f(x) if not much broken bone

45
Q

What is PTH’s role in remodeling?

A

(Parathyroid hormone)
Negative feedback loop
increases osteoclast activity by slowing Ca absorption in urine & stimulate kidney release of calcitriol

46
Q

What does calcitriol do?

A

converts Vit D absorbed by skin into active form

47
Q

What happens to repair a broken bone?

A

cartilagenous patch forms in break, causing cells in area to die
w/in 24 hours, endosteal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes & secrete matrix
Matrix from both ends come together
Fixed within weeks

48
Q

What effects bone remodeling and bone strength?

A

more exercise and gravity increases bone mass via matrix production
aging decreases d/t demineralization as sex hormone levels decrease

49
Q

Osteoporosis

A

mostly effects spongey bone
remodeling doesn’t keep up with breakdown

50
Q

What factors impact osteoporosis?

A

age
lots of pregnancy and breast feeding
poor nutrition
2nd to alcoholism, cushings, hyperthyroid, hyperparathyroidism,

51
Q

Symptoms of osteoporosis

A

loss in height via kyphosis or lordosis

52
Q

Kyphosis

A

T12 body broken, incomplete, absent or flattening
(humpback)

53
Q

Lordosis

A

Anterior curvature greater than 50 degrees
(swayback)

54
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

Metabolic disorder
Bone grows back thickened and enlarged
cartilage replaced with fibrous tissue

55
Q

Paget’s Disease Signs/Symptoms

A

severe/persistent pain esp. when weight baring
enlarged head
barrel chest
asymmetric bowing of tibia &/or femur

56
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A

genetic disorder
mutated collagen production genes

57
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta signs/symptoms

A

fractures easily, doesn’t fully heal
short d/t fractures
thin skin
deaf (misshapen ear bones)

57
Q

Synovial Joint

A

capsilar fluid around area surrounded by ligaments

58
Q

Cartilagenous Joint

A

hyaline and fibrocartilage

58
Q

Fibrous Joint

A

adjacent bones united by fibrous CT which fills gap between bones

59
Q

Gomphosis

A

fibrous joint from jaw to tooth

60
Q

Suture Joint

A

Fibrous joint with diathrosis, no movement

61
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

flexible and stretches

62
Q

Pivot Joint

A

1 articulated bone with round surface fits into ring made by ligament and other bone
(axis/atlas, radius/ulna)

63
Q

Ball & Socket Joint

A

multi-axial joint- injured easily, highly moveable
rounded head fits into 2nd bone socket

64
Q

Hinge Joint

A

2 bones fit together in depression
1 plane motion
knee, fingers, elbows

65
Q

Condylar joint

A

oval surface articulates with concave surface
side-side movement
knuckles

66
Q

Sadle Joint

A

convex & concave articulation
opposition
thumb

67
Q

Plane/gliding JOint

A

articular surface flat side-side

68
Q

How is Arthritis Categorized?

A

Degenerative
Anomaly
Metabolic
Neoplasia
Immune mediated
Trauma

69
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Autoimmune Disorder

70
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

wear and tear

71
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of bursa
effects elbow, hip, knee and heel

72
Q

What are the common signs and symptoms of a joint disorder?

A

Irritation, Inflammation, and pain

73
Q

What are the common treatments for joint disorders?

A

Rest
Ice
Corticosteroids
Ehhhh idk

74
Q

Carpal Tunnel

A

Nerve entrapment syndrome
effects women 30-60 yrs old
Tendenous sheath inflammes, compress median nerve and changes sensory and motor to fingers 1-3

75
Q

Diagnostic tests for carpal tunnel

A

Tinel’s sign: pins & needles when tapping over nerve
See if symptoms erupt when decreasing blood to area

76
Q

Primary Gout

A

Metabolic
effects the big toe
effects overweight ppl, alcoholics, no exercise, lots of protein
urate acid forms crystals

77
Q

Secondary Gout

A

Metabolic
effects the big toe
W/in another dz
urate acid gets stuck in CT

78
Q

Gout Tx

A

Increase fluid, allopurinol, colchicine

79
Q

Strain

A

tear to tendon/muscle unit via sudden forceful contraction
can appear bruised
occurs in muscles that cross 2 joints (calf, biceps, hams, quads)

80
Q

Sprain

A

Tear to ligament
graded 1-3
w/in days collagen form and fibers org parallel to stress lines
Sx needed if Gr 3 (full tear)

Ppl A&P (6 decks)

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