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Ppl A&P > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

superficial mechanoreceptors

A

free nerve endings
meissner’s corpuscle
pacinian corpuscle

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2
Q

deep mechanoreceptors

A

proprioceptors

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3
Q

what are the pain receptors

A

nociceptors

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4
Q

superficial chemoreceptors

A

taste in tongue
smell in nose

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5
Q

deep chemoreceptors

A

osmoreceptors in BV and kidneys

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6
Q

where do touch receptors integrate into?

A

somesthetic cortex in the parietal lobe

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7
Q

What areas have the greatest number of touch receptors>

A

fingertips
lips
genetalia

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8
Q

Hyperesthesia

A

increased sensitivity

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9
Q

Hypoalgesia

A

diminished sensitivity to pain

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10
Q

neuropathy

A

peripheral somatic nerves destroyed and can’t send the AP signal

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11
Q

Pain receptor pathway

A

dorsal horn
interneurons
1st order neuron
2nd order neuron
spinothalamic tract
decussate
thalamus
somatosensory area

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12
Q

what type of potential is used with nociceptors

A

Graded
chemicals H+ and ATP

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13
Q

What do rods do with light

A

depolarize

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14
Q

what do cones do with light

A

hyperpolarize

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15
Q

neural pathway for general senses

A

1st order
2nd order
spinothalamic (pain, temp, touch, tickle, pressure)
dorsal column (proprioception, touch, vibration)
Spinocerebellar (proprioception)
3rd order neurons

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16
Q

What is referred pain

A

perceived pain close to the site of injury d/t interconnecting nerves

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17
Q

dermatones

A

refer pain to muscle and skin since nociceptors are superficial

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18
Q

Olfactory uses ____ receptors

A

bipolar: 1 dendrite 1 axon

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19
Q

where are olfactory receptors located?

A

superior and middle nasal conchae

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20
Q

how long do olfactory nerves live

A

2 months

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21
Q

where does the olfactory system end

A

limbic system

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22
Q

where are taste receptors located?

A

tongue
soft palate
throat

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23
Q

5 primary tastes

A

sour
bitter
sweet
salt
umami

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24
Q

what nerves carry taste impulses

A

CN VII
CNIX
CNX

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25
Q

taste bud types

A

vallate
fungiform
foliate

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26
Q

Vallate perceives…

A

flavors

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27
Q

fungiform detects…

A

flavors and temperature

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28
Q

foliate perceives…

A

taste sensation

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29
Q

What is the posterior central tongue most sensitive to

A

bitterness

30
Q

taste transduction pathway

A

CN VII, IX, X
Medulla oblongata
thalamus
Insula
tongue region of somatosensory OR frontal lobe for flavor perception

31
Q

middle ear includes

A

tympanic membrane
auditory tube
auditory ossicles

32
Q

What are the auditory ossicles

A

malleus
incus
stapes

33
Q

oval window

A

conducts vibration via stapes through to cochlea

34
Q

round window

A

conducts vibrations from cochlea back to middle ear

35
Q

Path of sound waves

A

pinna
external auditory canal
tympanic membrane
malleus
incus
stapes
oval indow
cochles
round window

36
Q

sound info is received by

A

primary auditory area in temporal lobe

37
Q

sound info interpreted by

A

wernicke’s area (temporal)
common integrative area (parietal)

38
Q

Hearing Conduction deficit

A

Sound can’t be conducted to inner ear
tx: hearing aid
ex: ruptured eardrum, otitis media

39
Q

nerve deficit

A

damage to stereocilia d/t long term loud noises
tx: cochlear implant

40
Q

static equilibrium

A

detects linear head movement to maintain balance
receptors in vestibule
otolith crystals!

41
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

rotational change in head to maintain balance
receptors in semicircular canals
ampulla at base contain the hair receptors that feel the cupula move

42
Q

static and dynamic equilibrium info go through the ___ nerve

A

CN VIII- vestibulocochlear nerve

43
Q

BPPV- Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

A

otoliths displaced- false feeling of movement

44
Q

what % of sensory receptors are in the eyes

A

70%

45
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

pink eye

46
Q

fibrous tunic

A

sclera
cornea

47
Q

vascular tunic

A

choroid
ciliary body
iris

48
Q

Nervous tuinc

A

pigmented and neural layers
retina

49
Q

choroid

A

supple O2 and nutrients to retina and absorb ectraneous light

50
Q

ciliary body

A

control lens shape and secrete aqueous humor

51
Q

optic disc

A

part of retina void of photoreceptors

52
Q

macula lutea

A

round yellow region lat to disc

53
Q

fovea centralis

A

depressed area in macula lutea
has mostly cones

54
Q

peripheral retina

A

primarily rods

55
Q

eye emergency

A

retina pulled from pigmented layer

56
Q

glaucoma

A

increased pressure d/t increase aqueous humor

57
Q

cataracts

A

d/t clumped proteins in your lens

58
Q

near vision

A

lens rounded
ciliary contracted
ligaments relaxed
pupil constricted

59
Q

far vision

A

lens flattened
ciliary relaxed
ligaments tense
pupil dilated

60
Q

& red

A

66%

61
Q

% green

A

32%

62
Q

%blue

A

2%

63
Q

vision ap pathway

A

r/c
bipolar cells
ganglion cells
thalamus
cortex

64
Q

glutamate

A

less when bright
more whne dark

65
Q

hyperopia

A

far sightedness
focused behind retina

66
Q

myopia

A

near sightedness
focused in fron of retina

67
Q

presbyopia

A

occurs with age

68
Q

amblyyopia

A

lazy eye

69
Q

strabismus

A

cross eyed

70
Q
A

Ppl A&P (6 decks)

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