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Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Nervous System

A

sensory input
integration
motor output

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2
Q

What is resting membrane potential

A

-70mV
net negative inside
net positive outside

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3
Q

What is graded potential

A

occurs when neuron stimulated
occurs before AP @ dendrites
depolarize or hyperpolarize

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4
Q

What is threshold

A

-55mV

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5
Q

3 phases of Action Potential

A

Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization

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6
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

myelinated axons
potential jumps from node to node

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7
Q

Acetylcholine

A

NT for parasympathetic nervous system
decreases HR, BP, inc GI tract activity, constricts pupils (resting digesting actions)
exc/inhib in CNS
NMJ NT

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8
Q

Glutamate

A

NT of retina
amount varies depending on light intensity
Bright = less glutamate
Hyperpolarization: close gates open in the dark

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9
Q

Epinephrine

A

hormone prod in adrenal glands
aka adrenaline
regulates visceral functions- increase vascular contraction, dilate pupils, inc HR contraction
fight/flight/freeze responses

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10
Q

Norepinephrine

A

exc/inhib NT
hormone prod by adrenal glands
increases BP and reduces flow to GI
fight/flight/freeze response

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11
Q

Serotonin

A

inhib NT in brain stem
induce sleep, anxiety, mood & thermoregulation
too low in depressed ppl
tx: SSRIs

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12
Q

Dopamine

A

exc NT of basal ganglia
initiate/term voluntary motor movements
low in Parkinson’s
emotional reward
Tx: MAOIs

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13
Q

GABA

A

inhib NT in CNS- controls motor, sensory & cog f(x)
suppresses synaptic transmission pre & post synapse
produce calming effect & play role in nerve cell hyperactivity (anxiety, stress, fear)

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14
Q

Glycine

A

inhib aa NT of CNS controls local motor f(x)
sleep
antagonizes NE release–> mitigates anxiety, panic & over-arousal

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15
Q

Endorphins

A

inhib NT of CNS & PNS
down reg pain & prod euphoria
nat pain killer, runner’s high, 2nd wind

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16
Q

Neuron Classification

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneurons

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17
Q

How do sensory neurons enter the spinal cord

A

posteriorly (through the back)

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18
Q

How do motor neurons leave the spinal cord

A

anteriorly (through the front)

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19
Q

What % of neurons are interneurons?

A

99%

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20
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

active during physical activity
fight/flight

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21
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

regulates resting functions

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22
Q

4 major subdivisions of the brain

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brainstem

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23
Q

Cerbellum

A

maintain balance, posture & motor coordination & walking gait
arbor vitae

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24
Q

Diencephalon

A

Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, & epithalamus

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25
Thalamus
in diencephalon sensory relay center (except smell)
26
Hypothalamus
in diencephalon HR, BP, food/water intake, cyclical processes
27
epithalamus
in diencephalon pineal gland secretes melatonin
28
Brainstem
essential to life controls autonomic f(x) 3 subdivisions: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
29
Cerebrum
83% brain volume sensory, motor, and assoc areas w/ intellect, learning, memory, language, speech
30
Gyri
ridges of tissue
31
Syri
shallow grooves
32
left brain
logical, analytical
33
right brain
non-language, artistic & musical
34
Gray Matter consists of...
cell bodies & dendrites of motor & interneurons
35
White matter consists of....
myelinated axons
36
Cortex
outer sheet of gray matter of the brain
37
Classification tracts
association tracts commissural tracts projection tracts
38
Association tracts
connect gyri in same hemisphere
39
Commissural tracts
connect the 2 hemispheres
40
projection tracts
connect cerebrum to other portions of CNS
41
Lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Insula
42
Areas of frontal lobe
Prefrontal cortex Pre-central gyrus/motor cortex Broca's area frontal eye field area
43
Pre-frontal cortex
in frontal lobe involved in thinking, reasoning, planning, personality & emotions goal setting
44
Pre-central gyrus/motor cortex
in frontal lobe involved in initiating voluntary movements primary motor area: voluntary movements premotor area: motor assoc
45
Broca's area
in frontal lobe- left lobe only motor area for speech
46
Front eye field area
in frontal lobe eye movement assoc area
47
Parietal lobe
processing somatosensory info understand our physical environment process some taste information
48
Temporal lobe
Memory Primary olfactory area- smell Process some taste Primary auditory area Wernicke's area- word recognition
49
Occipital lobe
Primary visual area visual assoc area
50
Insula
limbic lobe emotional response, behavior & assoc memories
51
Basal Nuclei
masses of gray matter deep in cerebrum integrate motor control - allow movement to start & inhibit unnecessary movement
52
Problems in basal nuclei
resting tremors- Parkinson's dz Chorea- sudden irregular jerky movement w/o purpose athetosis- slow writhing movement
53
Huntington's dz
voluntary movement disorder cognitive disorder psychiatric disorder
54
Lobes of the hemisphere
Anterior Posterior Flocculonodular
55
Cerebellum lesions
results in ataxia- impaired coordination intention tremor
56
Rhomberg Test
used when proprioceptive/vestibular deficit tests sensory f(x) Pos sign: cerebellum not receiving all sensory info to maintain balance intention tremor swaying when eyes closed
57
Pituitary gland
releases hormones in response to hormones from hypothalamus
58
Limbic system
emotional brain hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus emotions related to survival processor
59
amygdala
in temporal lobe IDs danger, fear and anxiety love, friendship, fear, rage what and where ST memories stored
60
hippocampus
in cerebral cortex connects emotions with smells and sounds spacial orientation sends memories to l/r compare past threat to current threat
61
Midbrain
part of brainstem relay for hearing & visual and reflexes
62
Pons
part of brainstem bridge b/w cerebellum and rest of NS & b/w brain and SC rate and depth of inhale/ex
63
Medulla Oblongata
part of brain stem HR, RR, BP, V+, gagging, swallowing, sneezing
64
Swallowing
controlled by CN IX Voluntary Pharyngeal Esophageal
65
Ascending tracts
carry afferent sensory info to brain
66
descending tracts
carry efferent motor info down SC
67
Meninges
Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater
68
Dura Mater
Periosteal layer- attached to skull Meningeal layer- brain & SC
69
Dura Mater Space
Epidural- SC only Subdural- b/w arachnoid & dura (veins)
70
What can pass the brain barrier
water, glucose, O2, CO2, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, anesthetics
71
Stroke
sudden, non-convulsive focal neurological deficit d/t bleeding of arteries that supply brain OR block blood flow to brain tissue
72
Stroke Risk Factors
Hypertension Smoking Diabetes Elevated blood lipids impaired cardiac f(x) estrogen deficiency
73
Types of strokes
Thrombotic TIA Embolic Hemorrhagic
74
Concussions
Mild Classic Cerebral Mild diffuse Mod diffuse Severe diffuse
75
Alzheimers
accum of abnormal neuritic plaques not enough acetylcholine in the synapse tx: donepezil
76
MS
de-myelination of white matter progressive or relapsing
77
MG
failure to transmit post synaptic impulse @ NMJ tx: acetylcholinerases & immunosuppressants
78
CN I
Olfactory nerve S smell ethmoid bone
79
CN II
Optic nerve vision sense Optic canal & lesser wing of sphenoid bone
80
CN III
Oculomotor nerve constrict pupil, sup, inf, add eye sup orb fissure
81
CN IV
Trochlear nerve abd, dep, int rot eye sup orb fissure
82
CN V
Trigeminal nerve mastication/chewing & move face V1 ophthalmic V2 maxillary V3 mandibular: foramen ovale
83
CN VI
Abducens nerve abd eye sup orb fissure
84
CN VII
Facial nerve sensory tast motor face expression, tears, salivate stylomastoid foramen & temporal bones
85
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear sensory hearing & balance int acoustic meatus
86
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal jugular foramen
87
CN X
Vagus nerve S/M internal organs wandering nerve jugular foramen
88
CN XI
Accessory nerve motor to neck & back muscles
89
CN XII
Hypoglossal motor to tongue

Ppl A&P (6 decks)

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