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Ppl A&P > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Nervous System

A

sensory input
integration
motor output

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2
Q

What is resting membrane potential

A

-70mV
net negative inside
net positive outside

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3
Q

What is graded potential

A

occurs when neuron stimulated
occurs before AP @ dendrites
depolarize or hyperpolarize

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4
Q

What is threshold

A

-55mV

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5
Q

3 phases of Action Potential

A

Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization

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6
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

myelinated axons
potential jumps from node to node

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7
Q

Acetylcholine

A

NT for parasympathetic nervous system
decreases HR, BP, inc GI tract activity, constricts pupils (resting digesting actions)
exc/inhib in CNS
NMJ NT

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8
Q

Glutamate

A

NT of retina
amount varies depending on light intensity
Bright = less glutamate
Hyperpolarization: close gates open in the dark

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9
Q

Epinephrine

A

hormone prod in adrenal glands
aka adrenaline
regulates visceral functions- increase vascular contraction, dilate pupils, inc HR contraction
fight/flight/freeze responses

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10
Q

Norepinephrine

A

exc/inhib NT
hormone prod by adrenal glands
increases BP and reduces flow to GI
fight/flight/freeze response

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11
Q

Serotonin

A

inhib NT in brain stem
induce sleep, anxiety, mood & thermoregulation
too low in depressed ppl
tx: SSRIs

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12
Q

Dopamine

A

exc NT of basal ganglia
initiate/term voluntary motor movements
low in Parkinson’s
emotional reward
Tx: MAOIs

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13
Q

GABA

A

inhib NT in CNS- controls motor, sensory & cog f(x)
suppresses synaptic transmission pre & post synapse
produce calming effect & play role in nerve cell hyperactivity (anxiety, stress, fear)

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14
Q

Glycine

A

inhib aa NT of CNS controls local motor f(x)
sleep
antagonizes NE release–> mitigates anxiety, panic & over-arousal

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15
Q

Endorphins

A

inhib NT of CNS & PNS
down reg pain & prod euphoria
nat pain killer, runner’s high, 2nd wind

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16
Q

Neuron Classification

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneurons

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17
Q

How do sensory neurons enter the spinal cord

A

posteriorly (through the back)

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18
Q

How do motor neurons leave the spinal cord

A

anteriorly (through the front)

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19
Q

What % of neurons are interneurons?

A

99%

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20
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

active during physical activity
fight/flight

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21
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

regulates resting functions

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22
Q

4 major subdivisions of the brain

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brainstem

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23
Q

Cerbellum

A

maintain balance, posture & motor coordination & walking gait
arbor vitae

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24
Q

Diencephalon

A

Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, & epithalamus

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25
Q

Thalamus

A

in diencephalon
sensory relay center (except smell)

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26
Q

Hypothalamus

A

in diencephalon
HR, BP, food/water intake, cyclical processes

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27
Q

epithalamus

A

in diencephalon
pineal gland
secretes melatonin

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28
Q

Brainstem

A

essential to life
controls autonomic f(x)
3 subdivisions: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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29
Q

Cerebrum

A

83% brain volume
sensory, motor, and assoc areas w/ intellect, learning, memory, language, speech

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30
Q

Gyri

A

ridges of tissue

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31
Q

Syri

A

shallow grooves

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32
Q

left brain

A

logical, analytical

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33
Q

right brain

A

non-language, artistic & musical

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34
Q

Gray Matter consists of…

A

cell bodies & dendrites of motor & interneurons

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35
Q

White matter consists of….

A

myelinated axons

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36
Q

Cortex

A

outer sheet of gray matter of the brain

37
Q

Classification tracts

A

association tracts
commissural tracts
projection tracts

38
Q

Association tracts

A

connect gyri in same hemisphere

39
Q

Commissural tracts

A

connect the 2 hemispheres

40
Q

projection tracts

A

connect cerebrum to other portions of CNS

41
Q

Lobes of the cerebrum

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula

42
Q

Areas of frontal lobe

A

Prefrontal cortex
Pre-central gyrus/motor cortex
Broca’s area
frontal eye field area

43
Q

Pre-frontal cortex

A

in frontal lobe
involved in thinking, reasoning, planning, personality & emotions
goal setting

44
Q

Pre-central gyrus/motor cortex

A

in frontal lobe
involved in initiating voluntary movements
primary motor area: voluntary movements
premotor area: motor assoc

45
Q

Broca’s area

A

in frontal lobe- left lobe only
motor area for speech

46
Q

Front eye field area

A

in frontal lobe
eye movement assoc area

47
Q

Parietal lobe

A

processing somatosensory info
understand our physical environment
process some taste information

48
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Memory
Primary olfactory area- smell
Process some taste
Primary auditory area
Wernicke’s area- word recognition

49
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Primary visual area
visual assoc area

50
Q

Insula

A

limbic lobe
emotional response, behavior & assoc memories

51
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

masses of gray matter deep in cerebrum
integrate motor control - allow movement to start & inhibit unnecessary movement

52
Q

Problems in basal nuclei

A

resting tremors- Parkinson’s dz
Chorea- sudden irregular jerky movement w/o purpose
athetosis- slow writhing movement

53
Q

Huntington’s dz

A

voluntary movement disorder
cognitive disorder
psychiatric disorder

54
Q

Lobes of the hemisphere

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular

55
Q

Cerebellum lesions

A

results in ataxia- impaired coordination
intention tremor

56
Q

Rhomberg Test

A

used when proprioceptive/vestibular deficit
tests sensory f(x)
Pos sign: cerebellum not receiving all sensory info to maintain balance
intention tremor
swaying when eyes closed

57
Q

Pituitary gland

A

releases hormones in response to hormones from hypothalamus

58
Q

Limbic system

A

emotional brain
hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus
emotions related to survival processor

59
Q

amygdala

A

in temporal lobe
IDs danger, fear and anxiety
love, friendship, fear, rage
what and where ST memories stored

60
Q

hippocampus

A

in cerebral cortex
connects emotions with smells and sounds
spacial orientation
sends memories to l/r
compare past threat to current threat

61
Q

Midbrain

A

part of brainstem
relay for hearing & visual and reflexes

62
Q

Pons

A

part of brainstem
bridge b/w cerebellum and rest of NS & b/w brain and SC
rate and depth of inhale/ex

63
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

part of brain stem
HR, RR, BP, V+, gagging, swallowing, sneezing

64
Q

Swallowing

A

controlled by CN IX
Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

65
Q

Ascending tracts

A

carry afferent sensory info to brain

66
Q

descending tracts

A

carry efferent motor info down SC

67
Q

Meninges

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

68
Q

Dura Mater

A

Periosteal layer- attached to skull
Meningeal layer- brain & SC

69
Q

Dura Mater Space

A

Epidural- SC only
Subdural- b/w arachnoid & dura (veins)

70
Q

What can pass the brain barrier

A

water, glucose, O2, CO2, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, anesthetics

71
Q

Stroke

A

sudden, non-convulsive focal neurological deficit d/t bleeding of arteries that supply brain OR block blood flow to brain tissue

72
Q

Stroke Risk Factors

A

Hypertension
Smoking
Diabetes
Elevated blood lipids
impaired cardiac f(x)
estrogen deficiency

73
Q

Types of strokes

A

Thrombotic
TIA
Embolic
Hemorrhagic

74
Q

Concussions

A

Mild
Classic Cerebral
Mild diffuse
Mod diffuse
Severe diffuse

75
Q

Alzheimers

A

accum of abnormal neuritic plaques
not enough acetylcholine in the synapse
tx: donepezil

76
Q

MS

A

de-myelination of white matter
progressive or relapsing

77
Q

MG

A

failure to transmit post synaptic impulse @ NMJ
tx: acetylcholinerases & immunosuppressants

78
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory nerve
S smell
ethmoid bone

79
Q

CN II

A

Optic nerve
vision sense
Optic canal & lesser wing of sphenoid bone

80
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor nerve
constrict pupil, sup, inf, add eye
sup orb fissure

81
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear nerve
abd, dep, int rot eye
sup orb fissure

82
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal nerve
mastication/chewing & move face
V1 ophthalmic
V2 maxillary
V3 mandibular: foramen ovale

83
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens nerve
abd eye
sup orb fissure

84
Q

CN VII

A

Facial nerve
sensory tast
motor face expression, tears, salivate
stylomastoid foramen & temporal bones

85
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear
sensory hearing & balance
int acoustic meatus

86
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal
jugular foramen

87
Q

CN X

A

Vagus nerve
S/M internal organs
wandering nerve
jugular foramen

88
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory nerve
motor to neck & back muscles

89
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal
motor to tongue

Ppl A&P (6 decks)

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