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Ppl A&P > Muscular System (PP7) > Flashcards

Muscular System (PP7) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 muscle fiber coverings?

A

Epimysium
Endomysium
Perimysium

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2
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscles

A

Support, Stabilize, Protect
Body movement
Assist in lymph and cardiovascular vessels
Thermoregulation

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3
Q

What does the endomysium cover?

A

Individual muscle fibers

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4
Q

What does the perimysium cover?

A

Fascicles; groups of muscle fibers

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5
Q

What does the epimysium cover?

A

An entire muscle

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6
Q

What does a tendon connect?

A

Muscle to bone

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7
Q

What does a ligament connect?

A

bone to bone

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8
Q

What gives muscle the striated appearance?

A

contractile proteins

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9
Q

Define Origin

A

the muscle attachment on the less moveable bone

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10
Q

Define insertion

A

muscle attachment on the more moveable bone

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11
Q

Define sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of a fiber

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12
Q

What are myofibrils

A

bundles of myofilaments that run the length of the fiber

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13
Q

Define sarcomere

A

the contraction unit of muscle that make up the myofibrils
actin & myosin

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14
Q

What occurs to the origin and insertion during contraction?

A

The insertion moves toward the origin

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15
Q

What is the function of T tubules

A

extensors of sarcolemma that extend into fibers to increase AP contraction

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16
Q

What is the function of Actin

A

Attract Ca2+ (troponin)
Cover binding sites for myosin when at rest (tropomyosin)

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17
Q

What is the function of myosin

A

Heads bind to actin to do shit

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18
Q

What is the f(x) of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

store and release Ca2+

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19
Q

What are the 3 energy systems

A

Creatine phosphate
Anaerobic glycolysis
Aerobic phosphorylation

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20
Q

What is a cross bridge

A

Myosin head bound to actin

21
Q

What does the action potential impact

A

Ca2+ release

22
Q

How much ATP is gained from creatine phosphate?

A

1 ATP

23
Q

With what form of exercise is creatine phosphate used?

A

Sprinting, weight lifting
High intensity, short term exercise
(15s of contraction)

24
Q

What is the result of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP
2 Pyruvic acid
(minutes of contraction)

25
Q

When is glycolysis used in exercise?

A

When exercise exceeds 70% ATP production

26
Q

What is produced in glycolysis when no O2 is present

A

pyruvic acid –> lactic acid

27
Q

What is the f(x) of lactic acid?

A

restore CP supply
reoxygenate myoglobin

28
Q

Define muscle fatigue

A

The inability for muscle to maintain strength of contraction after use d/t lack of energy

29
Q

What is the net ATP production of phosphorylation

A

36 ATP
(hours of energy)

30
Q

What is a twitch contraction?

A

requires 1 ATP
the contraction and relaxation of a single muscle fiber

31
Q

Explain what occurs at each stage of a twitch contraction

A

Latent: the period b/w neuron activation and muscle contraction
Contraction: Increase tension & sarcomere shortens
Relaxation: cross bridge released, sarcomere lengthens, Ca2+ pumped back to SR

32
Q

What does tensile force depend on?

A

The number of impulses/sec
recruitment

33
Q

Define recruitment

A

the cooperation of multiple muscle fibers contracting simultaneously

34
Q

Define Muscle Tone

A

the resting tension of skeletal muscles to maintain bone and joint stabilization when not recruited

35
Q

What happens to the sarcomere and tension in isometric contraction and provide and example.

A

Sarcomere stays the same length
Tension increases
Holding a book

36
Q

What happens to the sarcomere and tension in isotonic contraction and provide and example.

A

Sarcomere changes length
tension remains the same
flexion and extension

37
Q

What are the 2 types of isotonic contraction?

A

Eccentric & concentric

38
Q

What is Eccentric contraction?

A

extension: muscle lengthens but tension stays same

39
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

flexion; muscle shortens but tension remains the same

40
Q

How do you increase tensile force?

A

Summation and Recruitment

41
Q

Why do muscles get sore?

A

microtears/traumas to muscle fibers

42
Q

What does DOMS stand for?

A

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

43
Q

What are the specific causes of muscle fatigue?

A

Decreased Ca2+ release from SR
Depletion of CP, O2, glycogen, etc.
change of acidity d/t lactic acid accumulation
cross bridge inhibition
excitation coupling failure

44
Q

What are the 3 Muscle Fiber Types?

A

IA/SO: Slow Oxidative
IIA/FOG: Fast Oxidative Glycolytic
IIX/FG: Fast Glycolytic

45
Q

Describe Slow Oxidative Fibers (diameter, mitochondria, capillaries, energy production, where they’re found, purpose)

A

small diameter
tons of mitochondria
large capillary bed
dark meats
mainly use aerobic respiration
found in posture muscles
Built for endurance!

46
Q

Describe Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fibers (diameter, mitochondria, capillaries, energy production, where they’re found, purpose)

A

Intermediate diameter
Mostly aerobic but switch to anaerobic when no O2
Tons of mitochondria
Moderate glycogen storage
High myoglobin levels

47
Q

Describe Fast Glycolytic Fibers (diameter, mitochondria, capillaries, energy production, where they’re found, purpose)

A

large diameter
mostly myofibrils
low myoglobin and mitochondria
mainly use anaerobic respiration
built for powerful, rapid contractions

48
Q

How do you know if a fiber will provide more endurance?

A

increased capillary beds and mitochondria
(larger O2 source and ATP production)

49
Q

How do you know if a fiber is built more for strength?

A

larger diameter = more strength

Ppl A&P (6 decks)

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